parser: tidy up parameter/message parsing

This change addresses how parameters and messages are handled while parsing a Modelfile. Currently a `MESSAGE` command creates a string that looks like "<role>: <message>" which then has to be re-parsed, and `PARAMETER` ends up being the default data type which makes it difficult to add other multi-part commands. This change introduces a Message and a Parameter type which properly handle properties such as the role and the name of the parameter.
2025-09-15 18:09:05 -07:00
86 changed files with 858 additions and 5317 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 dist
 build
 .cache
-.gocache
 *.exe
 .idea
 test_data
--- a/36
+++ b/36
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # vim: filetype=dockerfile

 ARG FLAVOR=${TARGETARCH}
-ARG PARALLEL=8

 ARG ROCMVERSION=6.3.3
 ARG JETPACK5VERSION=r35.4.1
@@ -35,51 +34,46 @@ ENV LDFLAGS=-s
 FROM base AS cpu
 RUN dnf install -y gcc-toolset-11-gcc gcc-toolset-11-gcc-c++
 ENV PATH=/opt/rh/gcc-toolset-11/root/usr/bin:$PATH
-ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
    cmake --preset 'CPU' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CPU' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CPU --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'CPU' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CPU --strip --parallel 8

 FROM base AS cuda-11
 ARG CUDA11VERSION=11.8
 RUN dnf install -y cuda-toolkit-${CUDA11VERSION//./-}
 ENV PATH=/usr/local/cuda-11/bin:$PATH
-ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
    cmake --preset 'CUDA 11' -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v11" \
-        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CUDA 11' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'CUDA 11' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8

 FROM base AS cuda-12
 ARG CUDA12VERSION=12.8
 RUN dnf install -y cuda-toolkit-${CUDA12VERSION//./-}
 ENV PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12/bin:$PATH
-ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
    cmake --preset 'CUDA 12' -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v12"\
-        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CUDA 12' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'CUDA 12' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8


 FROM base AS cuda-13
 ARG CUDA13VERSION=13.0
 RUN dnf install -y cuda-toolkit-${CUDA13VERSION//./-}
 ENV PATH=/usr/local/cuda-13/bin:$PATH
-ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
    cmake --preset 'CUDA 13' -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v13" \
-        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CUDA 13' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'CUDA 13' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8


 FROM base AS rocm-6
 ENV PATH=/opt/rocm/hcc/bin:/opt/rocm/hip/bin:/opt/rocm/bin:/opt/rocm/hcc/bin:$PATH
-ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
    cmake --preset 'ROCm 6' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'ROCm 6' \
-        && cmake --install build --component HIP --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'ROCm 6' \
+        && cmake --install build --component HIP --strip --parallel 8

 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 nvcr.io/nvidia/l4t-jetpack:${JETPACK5VERSION} AS jetpack-5
 ARG CMAKEVERSION
@@ -87,11 +81,10 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl ccache \
    && curl -fsSL https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v${CMAKEVERSION}/cmake-${CMAKEVERSION}-linux-$(uname -m).tar.gz | tar xz -C /usr/local --strip-components 1
 COPY CMakeLists.txt CMakePresets.json .
 COPY ml/backend/ggml/ggml ml/backend/ggml/ggml
-ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
    cmake --preset 'JetPack 5' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'JetPack 5' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'JetPack 5' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8

 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 nvcr.io/nvidia/l4t-jetpack:${JETPACK6VERSION} AS jetpack-6
 ARG CMAKEVERSION
@@ -99,11 +92,10 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl ccache \
    && curl -fsSL https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v${CMAKEVERSION}/cmake-${CMAKEVERSION}-linux-$(uname -m).tar.gz | tar xz -C /usr/local --strip-components 1
 COPY CMakeLists.txt CMakePresets.json .
 COPY ml/backend/ggml/ggml ml/backend/ggml/ggml
-ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
    cmake --preset 'JetPack 6' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'JetPack 6' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'JetPack 6' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8

 FROM base AS build
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama
--- a/api/client.go
+++ b/api/client.go
@@ -45,12 +45,6 @@ func checkError(resp *http.Response, body []byte) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
-		authError := AuthorizationError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
-		json.Unmarshal(body, &authError)
-		return authError
-	}
-
 	apiError := StatusError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}

 	err := json.Unmarshal(body, &apiError)
@@ -220,8 +214,7 @@ func (c *Client) stream(ctx context.Context, method, path string, data any, fn f
 	scanner.Buffer(scanBuf, maxBufferSize)
 	for scanner.Scan() {
 		var errorResponse struct {
-			Error     string `json:"error,omitempty"`
-			SigninURL string `json:"signin_url,omitempty"`
+			Error string `json:"error,omitempty"`
 		}

 		bts := scanner.Bytes()
@@ -229,13 +222,7 @@ func (c *Client) stream(ctx context.Context, method, path string, data any, fn f
 			return fmt.Errorf("unmarshal: %w", err)
 		}

-		if response.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
-			return AuthorizationError{
-				StatusCode: response.StatusCode,
-				Status:     response.Status,
-				SigninURL:  errorResponse.SigninURL,
-			}
-		} else if response.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
+		if response.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
 			return StatusError{
 				StatusCode:   response.StatusCode,
 				Status:       response.Status,
@@ -441,21 +428,3 @@ func (c *Client) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {

 	return version.Version, nil
 }
-
-// Signout will signout a client for a local ollama server.
-func (c *Client) Signout(ctx context.Context) error {
-	return c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/signout", nil, nil)
-}
-
-// Disconnect will disconnect an ollama instance from ollama.com.
-func (c *Client) Disconnect(ctx context.Context, encodedKey string) error {
-	return c.do(ctx, http.MethodDelete, fmt.Sprintf("/api/user/keys/%s", encodedKey), nil, nil)
-}
-
-func (c *Client) Whoami(ctx context.Context) (*UserResponse, error) {
-	var resp UserResponse
-	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/me", nil, &resp); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return &resp, nil
-}
--- a/api/types.go
+++ b/api/types.go
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/google/uuid"
-
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
 )
@@ -38,19 +36,6 @@ func (e StatusError) Error() string {
 	}
 }

-type AuthorizationError struct {
-	StatusCode int
-	Status     string
-	SigninURL  string `json:"signin_url"`
-}
-
-func (e AuthorizationError) Error() string {
-	if e.Status != "" {
-		return e.Status
-	}
-	return "something went wrong, please see the ollama server logs for details"
-}
-
 // ImageData represents the raw binary data of an image file.
 type ImageData []byte

@@ -328,29 +313,13 @@ func (t *ToolFunction) String() string {
 // ChatResponse is the response returned by [Client.Chat]. Its fields are
 // similar to [GenerateResponse].
 type ChatResponse struct {
-	// Model is the model name that generated the response.
-	Model string `json:"model"`
+	Model      string    `json:"model"`
+	CreatedAt  time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	Message    Message   `json:"message"`
+	DoneReason string    `json:"done_reason,omitempty"`

-	// RemoteModel is the name of the upstream model that generated the response.
-	RemoteModel string `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
-
-	// RemoteHost is the URL of the upstream Ollama host that generated the response.
-	RemoteHost string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
-
-	// CreatedAt is the timestamp of the response.
-	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
-
-	// Message contains the message or part of a message from the model.
-	Message Message `json:"message"`
-
-	// Done specifies if the response is complete.
 	Done bool `json:"done"`

-	// DoneReason is the reason the model stopped generating text.
-	DoneReason string `json:"done_reason,omitempty"`
-
-	DebugInfo *DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info,omitempty"`
-
 	Metrics
 }

@@ -360,6 +329,13 @@ type DebugInfo struct {
 	ImageCount       int    `json:"image_count,omitempty"`
 }

+// DebugTemplateResponse is returned when _debug_render_only is set to true
+type DebugTemplateResponse struct {
+	Model     string    `json:"model"`
+	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	DebugInfo DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info"`
+}
+
 type Metrics struct {
 	TotalDuration      time.Duration `json:"total_duration,omitempty"`
 	LoadDuration       time.Duration `json:"load_duration,omitempty"`
@@ -455,47 +431,18 @@ type EmbeddingResponse struct {

 // CreateRequest is the request passed to [Client.Create].
 type CreateRequest struct {
-	// Model is the model name to create.
-	Model string `json:"model"`
-
-	// Stream specifies whether the response is streaming; it is true by default.
-	Stream *bool `json:"stream,omitempty"`
-
-	// Quantize is the quantization format for the model; leave blank to not change the quantization level.
+	Model    string `json:"model"`
+	Stream   *bool  `json:"stream,omitempty"`
 	Quantize string `json:"quantize,omitempty"`

-	// From is the name of the model or file to use as the source.
-	From string `json:"from,omitempty"`
-
-	// RemoteHost is the URL of the upstream ollama API for the model (if any).
-	RemoteHost string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
-
-	// Files is a map of files include when creating the model.
-	Files map[string]string `json:"files,omitempty"`
-
-	// Adapters is a map of LoRA adapters to include when creating the model.
-	Adapters map[string]string `json:"adapters,omitempty"`
-
-	// Template is the template used when constructing a request to the model.
-	Template string `json:"template,omitempty"`
-
-	// License is a string or list of strings for licenses.
-	License any `json:"license,omitempty"`
-
-	// System is the system prompt for the model.
-	System string `json:"system,omitempty"`
-
-	// Parameters is a map of hyper-parameters which are applied to the model.
-	Parameters map[string]any `json:"parameters,omitempty"`
-
-	// Messages is a list of messages added to the model before chat and generation requests.
-	Messages []Message `json:"messages,omitempty"`
-
-	Renderer string `json:"renderer,omitempty"`
-	Parser   string `json:"parser,omitempty"`
-
-	// Info is a map of additional information for the model
-	Info map[string]any `json:"info,omitempty"`
+	From       string            `json:"from,omitempty"`
+	Files      map[string]string `json:"files,omitempty"`
+	Adapters   map[string]string `json:"adapters,omitempty"`
+	Template   string            `json:"template,omitempty"`
+	License    any               `json:"license,omitempty"`
+	System     string            `json:"system,omitempty"`
+	Parameters map[string]any    `json:"parameters,omitempty"`
+	Messages   []Message         `json:"messages,omitempty"`

 	// Deprecated: set the model name with Model instead
 	Name string `json:"name"`
@@ -533,12 +480,8 @@ type ShowResponse struct {
 	Parameters    string             `json:"parameters,omitempty"`
 	Template      string             `json:"template,omitempty"`
 	System        string             `json:"system,omitempty"`
-	Renderer      string             `json:"renderer,omitempty"`
-	Parser        string             `json:"parser,omitempty"`
 	Details       ModelDetails       `json:"details,omitempty"`
 	Messages      []Message          `json:"messages,omitempty"`
-	RemoteModel   string             `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
-	RemoteHost    string             `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
 	ModelInfo     map[string]any     `json:"model_info,omitempty"`
 	ProjectorInfo map[string]any     `json:"projector_info,omitempty"`
 	Tensors       []Tensor           `json:"tensors,omitempty"`
@@ -597,14 +540,12 @@ type ProcessResponse struct {

 // ListModelResponse is a single model description in [ListResponse].
 type ListModelResponse struct {
-	Name        string       `json:"name"`
-	Model       string       `json:"model"`
-	RemoteModel string       `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
-	RemoteHost  string       `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
-	ModifiedAt  time.Time    `json:"modified_at"`
-	Size        int64        `json:"size"`
-	Digest      string       `json:"digest"`
-	Details     ModelDetails `json:"details,omitempty"`
+	Name       string       `json:"name"`
+	Model      string       `json:"model"`
+	ModifiedAt time.Time    `json:"modified_at"`
+	Size       int64        `json:"size"`
+	Digest     string       `json:"digest"`
+	Details    ModelDetails `json:"details,omitempty"`
 }

 // ProcessModelResponse is a single model description in [ProcessResponse].
@@ -628,12 +569,6 @@ type GenerateResponse struct {
 	// Model is the model name that generated the response.
 	Model string `json:"model"`

-	// RemoteModel is the name of the upstream model that generated the response.
-	RemoteModel string `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
-
-	// RemoteHost is the URL of the upstream Ollama host that generated the response.
-	RemoteHost string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
-
 	// CreatedAt is the timestamp of the response.
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`

@@ -657,8 +592,6 @@ type GenerateResponse struct {
 	Metrics

 	ToolCalls []ToolCall `json:"tool_calls,omitempty"`
-
-	DebugInfo *DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info,omitempty"`
 }

 // ModelDetails provides details about a model.
@@ -671,18 +604,6 @@ type ModelDetails struct {
 	QuantizationLevel string   `json:"quantization_level"`
 }

-// UserResponse provides information about a user.
-type UserResponse struct {
-	ID        uuid.UUID `json:"id"`
-	Email     string    `json:"email"`
-	Name      string    `json:"name"`
-	Bio       string    `json:"bio,omitempty"`
-	AvatarURL string    `json:"avatarurl,omitempty"`
-	FirstName string    `json:"firstname,omitempty"`
-	LastName  string    `json:"lastname,omitempty"`
-	Plan      string    `json:"plan,omitempty"`
-}
-
 // Tensor describes the metadata for a given tensor.
 type Tensor struct {
 	Name  string   `json:"name"`
--- a/auth/auth.go
+++ b/auth/auth.go
@@ -18,13 +18,21 @@ import (

 const defaultPrivateKey = "id_ed25519"

-func GetPublicKey() (string, error) {
+func keyPath() (string, error) {
 	home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

-	keyPath := filepath.Join(home, ".ollama", defaultPrivateKey)
+	return filepath.Join(home, ".ollama", defaultPrivateKey), nil
+}
+
+func GetPublicKey() (string, error) {
+	keyPath, err := keyPath()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
 	privateKeyFile, err := os.ReadFile(keyPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load private key: %v", err))
@@ -51,12 +59,11 @@ func NewNonce(r io.Reader, length int) (string, error) {
 }

 func Sign(ctx context.Context, bts []byte) (string, error) {
-	home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
+	keyPath, err := keyPath()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

-	keyPath := filepath.Join(home, ".ollama", defaultPrivateKey)
 	privateKeyFile, err := os.ReadFile(keyPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load private key: %v", err))
--- a/cmd/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/cmd.go
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 )

-const ConnectInstructions = "To sign in, navigate to:\n    %s\n\n"
-
 // ensureThinkingSupport emits a warning if the model does not advertise thinking support
 func ensureThinkingSupport(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, name string) {
 	if name == "" {
@@ -288,17 +286,7 @@ func loadOrUnloadModel(cmd *cobra.Command, opts *runOptions) error {
 		Think: opts.Think,
 	}

-	return client.Generate(cmd.Context(), req, func(r api.GenerateResponse) error {
-		if r.RemoteModel != "" && opts.ShowConnect {
-			p.StopAndClear()
-			if strings.HasPrefix(r.RemoteHost, "https://ollama.com") {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Connecting to '%s' on 'ollama.com' ⚡\n", r.RemoteModel)
-			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Connecting to '%s' on '%s'\n", r.RemoteModel, r.RemoteHost)
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	return client.Generate(cmd.Context(), req, func(api.GenerateResponse) error { return nil })
 }

 func StopHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -319,10 +307,9 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	interactive := true

 	opts := runOptions{
-		Model:       args[0],
-		WordWrap:    os.Getenv("TERM") == "xterm-256color",
-		Options:     map[string]any{},
-		ShowConnect: true,
+		Model:    args[0],
+		WordWrap: os.Getenv("TERM") == "xterm-256color",
+		Options:  map[string]any{},
 	}

 	format, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("format")
@@ -380,7 +367,6 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		}

 		prompts = append([]string{string(in)}, prompts...)
-		opts.ShowConnect = false
 		opts.WordWrap = false
 		interactive = false
 	}
@@ -447,15 +433,6 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

 	if interactive {
 		if err := loadOrUnloadModel(cmd, &opts); err != nil {
-			var sErr api.AuthorizationError
-			if errors.As(err, &sErr) && sErr.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
-				fmt.Printf("You need to be signed in to Ollama to run Cloud models.\n\n")
-
-				if sErr.SigninURL != "" {
-					fmt.Printf(ConnectInstructions, sErr.SigninURL)
-				}
-				return nil
-			}
 			return err
 		}

@@ -476,59 +453,6 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	return generate(cmd, opts)
 }

-func SigninHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	user, err := client.Whoami(cmd.Context())
-	if err != nil {
-		var aErr api.AuthorizationError
-		if errors.As(err, &aErr) && aErr.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
-			fmt.Println("You need to be signed in to Ollama to run Cloud models.")
-			fmt.Println()
-
-			if aErr.SigninURL != "" {
-				fmt.Printf(ConnectInstructions, aErr.SigninURL)
-			}
-			return nil
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if user != nil && user.Name != "" {
-		fmt.Printf("You are already signed in as user '%s'\n", user.Name)
-		fmt.Println()
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func SignoutHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = client.Signout(cmd.Context())
-	if err != nil {
-		var aErr api.AuthorizationError
-		if errors.As(err, &aErr) && aErr.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
-			fmt.Println("You are not signed in to ollama.com")
-			fmt.Println()
-			return nil
-		} else {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	fmt.Println("You have signed out of ollama.com")
-	fmt.Println()
-	return nil
-}
-
 func PushHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -540,25 +464,6 @@ func PushHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	n := model.ParseName(args[0])
-	if strings.HasSuffix(n.Host, ".ollama.ai") || strings.HasSuffix(n.Host, ".ollama.com") {
-		_, err := client.Whoami(cmd.Context())
-		if err != nil {
-			var aErr api.AuthorizationError
-			if errors.As(err, &aErr) && aErr.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
-				fmt.Println("You need to be signed in to push models to ollama.com.")
-				fmt.Println()
-
-				if aErr.SigninURL != "" {
-					fmt.Printf(ConnectInstructions, aErr.SigninURL)
-				}
-				return nil
-			}
-
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
 	p := progress.NewProgress(os.Stderr)
 	defer p.Stop()

@@ -595,12 +500,12 @@ func PushHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

 	request := api.PushRequest{Name: args[0], Insecure: insecure}

+	n := model.ParseName(args[0])
 	if err := client.Push(cmd.Context(), &request, fn); err != nil {
 		if spinner != nil {
 			spinner.Stop()
 		}
-		errStr := strings.ToLower(err.Error())
-		if strings.Contains(errStr, "access denied") || strings.Contains(errStr, "unauthorized") {
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "access denied") {
 			return errors.New("you are not authorized to push to this namespace, create the model under a namespace you own")
 		}
 		return err
@@ -634,14 +539,7 @@ func ListHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

 	for _, m := range models.Models {
 		if len(args) == 0 || strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(m.Name), strings.ToLower(args[0])) {
-			var size string
-			if m.RemoteModel != "" {
-				size = "-"
-			} else {
-				size = format.HumanBytes(m.Size)
-			}
-
-			data = append(data, []string{m.Name, m.Digest[:12], size, format.HumanTime(m.ModifiedAt, "Never")})
+			data = append(data, []string{m.Name, m.Digest[:12], format.HumanBytes(m.Size), format.HumanTime(m.ModifiedAt, "Never")})
 		}
 	}

@@ -726,8 +624,8 @@ func DeleteHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 0},
 	}
 	if err := loadOrUnloadModel(cmd, opts); err != nil {
-		if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "not found") {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Warning: unable to stop model '%s'\n", args[0])
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unable to stop existing running model \"%s\": %s", args[0], err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -838,36 +736,12 @@ func showInfo(resp *api.ShowResponse, verbose bool, w io.Writer) error {
 	}

 	tableRender("Model", func() (rows [][]string) {
-		if resp.RemoteHost != "" {
-			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "Remote model", resp.RemoteModel})
-			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "Remote URL", resp.RemoteHost})
-		}
-
 		if resp.ModelInfo != nil {
 			arch := resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"].(string)
 			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "architecture", arch})
-
-			var paramStr string
-			if resp.Details.ParameterSize != "" {
-				paramStr = resp.Details.ParameterSize
-			} else if v, ok := resp.ModelInfo["general.parameter_count"]; ok {
-				if f, ok := v.(float64); ok {
-					paramStr = format.HumanNumber(uint64(f))
-				}
-			}
-			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "parameters", paramStr})
-
-			if v, ok := resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", arch)]; ok {
-				if f, ok := v.(float64); ok {
-					rows = append(rows, []string{"", "context length", strconv.FormatFloat(f, 'f', -1, 64)})
-				}
-			}
-
-			if v, ok := resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.embedding_length", arch)]; ok {
-				if f, ok := v.(float64); ok {
-					rows = append(rows, []string{"", "embedding length", strconv.FormatFloat(f, 'f', -1, 64)})
-				}
-			}
+			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "parameters", format.HumanNumber(uint64(resp.ModelInfo["general.parameter_count"].(float64)))})
+			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "context length", strconv.FormatFloat(resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", arch)].(float64), 'f', -1, 64)})
+			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "embedding length", strconv.FormatFloat(resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.embedding_length", arch)].(float64), 'f', -1, 64)})
 		} else {
 			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "architecture", resp.Details.Family})
 			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "parameters", resp.Details.ParameterSize})
@@ -1115,52 +989,6 @@ type runOptions struct {
 	KeepAlive    *api.Duration
 	Think        *api.ThinkValue
 	HideThinking bool
-	ShowConnect  bool
-}
-
-func (r runOptions) Copy() runOptions {
-	var messages []api.Message
-	if r.Messages != nil {
-		messages = make([]api.Message, len(r.Messages))
-		copy(messages, r.Messages)
-	}
-
-	var images []api.ImageData
-	if r.Images != nil {
-		images = make([]api.ImageData, len(r.Images))
-		copy(images, r.Images)
-	}
-
-	var opts map[string]any
-	if r.Options != nil {
-		opts = make(map[string]any, len(r.Options))
-		for k, v := range r.Options {
-			opts[k] = v
-		}
-	}
-
-	var think *api.ThinkValue
-	if r.Think != nil {
-		cThink := *r.Think
-		think = &cThink
-	}
-
-	return runOptions{
-		Model:        r.Model,
-		ParentModel:  r.ParentModel,
-		Prompt:       r.Prompt,
-		Messages:     messages,
-		WordWrap:     r.WordWrap,
-		Format:       r.Format,
-		System:       r.System,
-		Images:       images,
-		Options:      opts,
-		MultiModal:   r.MultiModal,
-		KeepAlive:    r.KeepAlive,
-		Think:        think,
-		HideThinking: r.HideThinking,
-		ShowConnect:  r.ShowConnect,
-	}
 }

 type displayResponseState struct {
@@ -1716,22 +1544,6 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {

 	pushCmd.Flags().Bool("insecure", false, "Use an insecure registry")

-	signinCmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:     "signin",
-		Short:   "Sign in to ollama.com",
-		Args:    cobra.ExactArgs(0),
-		PreRunE: checkServerHeartbeat,
-		RunE:    SigninHandler,
-	}
-
-	signoutCmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:     "signout",
-		Short:   "Sign out from ollama.com",
-		Args:    cobra.ExactArgs(0),
-		PreRunE: checkServerHeartbeat,
-		RunE:    SignoutHandler,
-	}
-
 	listCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "list",
 		Aliases: []string{"ls"},
@@ -1826,8 +1638,6 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {
 		stopCmd,
 		pullCmd,
 		pushCmd,
-		signinCmd,
-		signoutCmd,
 		listCmd,
 		psCmd,
 		copyCmd,
--- a/cmd/cmd_test.go
+++ b/cmd/cmd_test.go
@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
-	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -306,8 +304,6 @@ func TestDeleteHandler(t *testing.T) {
 				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
 			} else {
 				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
-				errPayload := `{"error":"model '%s' not found"}`
-				w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(errPayload, req.Name)))
 			}
 			return
 		}
@@ -350,7 +346,7 @@ func TestDeleteHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	err := DeleteHandler(cmd, []string{"test-model-not-found"})
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "model 'test-model-not-found' not found") {
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unable to stop existing running model \"test-model-not-found\"") {
 		t.Fatalf("DeleteHandler failed: expected error about stopping non-existent model, got %v", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -492,35 +488,9 @@ func TestPushHandler(t *testing.T) {
 						w.(http.Flusher).Flush()
 					}
 				},
-				"/api/me": func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-					if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
-						t.Errorf("expected POST request, got %s", r.Method)
-					}
-				},
 			},
 			expectedOutput: "\nYou can find your model at:\n\n\thttps://ollama.com/test-model\n",
 		},
-		{
-			name:      "not signed in push",
-			modelName: "notsignedin-model",
-			serverResponse: map[string]func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
-				"/api/me": func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-					if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
-						t.Errorf("expected POST request, got %s", r.Method)
-					}
-					w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-					w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
-					err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{
-						"error":      "unauthorized",
-						"signin_url": "https://somethingsomething",
-					})
-					if err != nil {
-						t.Fatal(err)
-					}
-				},
-			},
-			expectedOutput: "You need to be signed in to push",
-		},
 		{
 			name:      "unauthorized push",
 			modelName: "unauthorized-model",
@@ -529,17 +499,12 @@ func TestPushHandler(t *testing.T) {
 					w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 					w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
 					err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{
-						"error": "403: {\"errors\":[{\"code\":\"ACCESS DENIED\", \"message\":\"access denied\"}]}",
+						"error": "access denied",
 					})
 					if err != nil {
 						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				},
-				"/api/me": func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-					if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
-						t.Errorf("expected POST request, got %s", r.Method)
-					}
-				},
 			},
 			expectedError: "you are not authorized to push to this namespace, create the model under a namespace you own",
 		},
@@ -557,10 +522,6 @@ func TestPushHandler(t *testing.T) {
 			defer mockServer.Close()

 			t.Setenv("OLLAMA_HOST", mockServer.URL)
-			tmpDir := t.TempDir()
-			t.Setenv("HOME", tmpDir)
-			t.Setenv("USERPROFILE", tmpDir)
-			initializeKeypair()

 			cmd := &cobra.Command{}
 			cmd.Flags().Bool("insecure", false, "")
@@ -596,7 +557,7 @@ func TestPushHandler(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Errorf("expected no error, got %v", err)
 				}
 				if tt.expectedOutput != "" {
-					if got := string(stdout); !strings.Contains(got, tt.expectedOutput) {
+					if got := string(stdout); got != tt.expectedOutput {
 						t.Errorf("expected output %q, got %q", tt.expectedOutput, got)
 					}
 				}
@@ -954,286 +915,3 @@ func TestNewCreateRequest(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestRunOptions_Copy(t *testing.T) {
-	// Setup test data
-	originalKeepAlive := &api.Duration{Duration: 5 * time.Minute}
-	originalThink := &api.ThinkValue{Value: "test reasoning"}
-
-	original := runOptions{
-		Model:       "test-model",
-		ParentModel: "parent-model",
-		Prompt:      "test prompt",
-		Messages: []api.Message{
-			{Role: "user", Content: "hello"},
-			{Role: "assistant", Content: "hi there"},
-		},
-		WordWrap: true,
-		Format:   "json",
-		System:   "system prompt",
-		Images: []api.ImageData{
-			[]byte("image1"),
-			[]byte("image2"),
-		},
-		Options: map[string]any{
-			"temperature": 0.7,
-			"max_tokens":  1000,
-			"top_p":       0.9,
-		},
-		MultiModal:   true,
-		KeepAlive:    originalKeepAlive,
-		Think:        originalThink,
-		HideThinking: false,
-		ShowConnect:  true,
-	}
-
-	// Test the copy
-	copied := original.Copy()
-
-	// Test 1: Verify the copy is not the same instance
-	if &copied == &original {
-		t.Error("Copy should return a different instance")
-	}
-
-	// Test 2: Verify all fields are copied correctly
-	tests := []struct {
-		name string
-		got  interface{}
-		want interface{}
-	}{
-		{"Model", copied.Model, original.Model},
-		{"ParentModel", copied.ParentModel, original.ParentModel},
-		{"Prompt", copied.Prompt, original.Prompt},
-		{"WordWrap", copied.WordWrap, original.WordWrap},
-		{"Format", copied.Format, original.Format},
-		{"System", copied.System, original.System},
-		{"MultiModal", copied.MultiModal, original.MultiModal},
-		{"HideThinking", copied.HideThinking, original.HideThinking},
-		{"ShowConnect", copied.ShowConnect, original.ShowConnect},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.got, tt.want) {
-			t.Errorf("%s mismatch: got %v, want %v", tt.name, tt.got, tt.want)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Test 3: Verify Messages slice is deeply copied
-	if len(copied.Messages) != len(original.Messages) {
-		t.Errorf("Messages length mismatch: got %d, want %d", len(copied.Messages), len(original.Messages))
-	}
-
-	if len(copied.Messages) > 0 && &copied.Messages[0] == &original.Messages[0] {
-		t.Error("Messages should be different instances")
-	}
-
-	// Modify original to verify independence
-	if len(original.Messages) > 0 {
-		originalContent := original.Messages[0].Content
-		original.Messages[0].Content = "modified"
-		if len(copied.Messages) > 0 && copied.Messages[0].Content == "modified" {
-			t.Error("Messages should be independent after copy")
-		}
-		// Restore for other tests
-		original.Messages[0].Content = originalContent
-	}
-
-	// Test 4: Verify Images slice is deeply copied
-	if len(copied.Images) != len(original.Images) {
-		t.Errorf("Images length mismatch: got %d, want %d", len(copied.Images), len(original.Images))
-	}
-
-	if len(copied.Images) > 0 && &copied.Images[0] == &original.Images[0] {
-		t.Error("Images should be different instances")
-	}
-
-	// Modify original to verify independence
-	if len(original.Images) > 0 {
-		originalImage := original.Images[0]
-		original.Images[0] = []byte("modified")
-		if len(copied.Images) > 0 && string(copied.Images[0]) == "modified" {
-			t.Error("Images should be independent after copy")
-		}
-		// Restore for other tests
-		original.Images[0] = originalImage
-	}
-
-	// Test 5: Verify Options map is deeply copied
-	if len(copied.Options) != len(original.Options) {
-		t.Errorf("Options length mismatch: got %d, want %d", len(copied.Options), len(original.Options))
-	}
-
-	if len(copied.Options) > 0 && &copied.Options == &original.Options {
-		t.Error("Options map should be different instances")
-	}
-
-	// Modify original to verify independence
-	if len(original.Options) > 0 {
-		originalTemp := original.Options["temperature"]
-		original.Options["temperature"] = 0.9
-		if copied.Options["temperature"] == 0.9 {
-			t.Error("Options should be independent after copy")
-		}
-		// Restore for other tests
-		original.Options["temperature"] = originalTemp
-	}
-
-	// Test 6: Verify KeepAlive pointer is copied (shallow copy)
-	if copied.KeepAlive != original.KeepAlive {
-		t.Error("KeepAlive pointer should be the same (shallow copy)")
-	}
-
-	// Test 7: Verify Think pointer creates a new instance
-	if original.Think != nil && copied.Think == original.Think {
-		t.Error("Think should be a different instance")
-	}
-
-	if original.Think != nil && copied.Think != nil {
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(copied.Think.Value, original.Think.Value) {
-			t.Errorf("Think.Value mismatch: got %v, want %v", copied.Think.Value, original.Think.Value)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Test 8: Test with zero values
-	zeroOriginal := runOptions{}
-	zeroCopy := zeroOriginal.Copy()
-
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(zeroCopy, zeroOriginal) {
-		fmt.Printf("orig: %#v\ncopy: %#v\n", zeroOriginal, zeroCopy)
-		t.Error("Copy of zero value should equal original zero value")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRunOptions_Copy_EmptySlicesAndMaps(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test with empty slices and maps
-	original := runOptions{
-		Messages: []api.Message{},
-		Images:   []api.ImageData{},
-		Options:  map[string]any{},
-	}
-
-	copied := original.Copy()
-
-	if copied.Messages == nil {
-		t.Error("Empty Messages slice should remain empty, not nil")
-	}
-
-	if copied.Images == nil {
-		t.Error("Empty Images slice should remain empty, not nil")
-	}
-
-	if copied.Options == nil {
-		t.Error("Empty Options map should remain empty, not nil")
-	}
-
-	if len(copied.Messages) != 0 {
-		t.Error("Empty Messages slice should remain empty")
-	}
-
-	if len(copied.Images) != 0 {
-		t.Error("Empty Images slice should remain empty")
-	}
-
-	if len(copied.Options) != 0 {
-		t.Error("Empty Options map should remain empty")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRunOptions_Copy_NilPointers(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test with nil pointers
-	original := runOptions{
-		KeepAlive: nil,
-		Think:     nil,
-	}
-
-	copied := original.Copy()
-
-	if copied.KeepAlive != nil {
-		t.Error("Nil KeepAlive should remain nil")
-	}
-
-	if copied.Think != nil {
-		t.Error("Nil Think should remain nil")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRunOptions_Copy_ThinkValueVariants(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name  string
-		think *api.ThinkValue
-	}{
-		{"nil Think", nil},
-		{"bool true", &api.ThinkValue{Value: true}},
-		{"bool false", &api.ThinkValue{Value: false}},
-		{"string value", &api.ThinkValue{Value: "reasoning text"}},
-		{"int value", &api.ThinkValue{Value: 42}},
-		{"nil value", &api.ThinkValue{Value: nil}},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			original := runOptions{Think: tt.think}
-			copied := original.Copy()
-
-			if tt.think == nil {
-				if copied.Think != nil {
-					t.Error("Nil Think should remain nil")
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
-			if copied.Think == nil {
-				t.Error("Non-nil Think should not become nil")
-				return
-			}
-
-			if copied.Think == original.Think {
-				t.Error("Think should be a different instance")
-			}
-
-			if !reflect.DeepEqual(copied.Think.Value, original.Think.Value) {
-				t.Errorf("Think.Value mismatch: got %v, want %v", copied.Think.Value, original.Think.Value)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRunOptions_Copy_Independence(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test that modifications to original don't affect copy
-	originalThink := &api.ThinkValue{Value: "original"}
-	original := runOptions{
-		Model:    "original-model",
-		Messages: []api.Message{{Role: "user", Content: "original"}},
-		Options:  map[string]any{"key": "value"},
-		Think:    originalThink,
-	}
-
-	copied := original.Copy()
-
-	// Modify original
-	original.Model = "modified-model"
-	if len(original.Messages) > 0 {
-		original.Messages[0].Content = "modified"
-	}
-	original.Options["key"] = "modified"
-	if original.Think != nil {
-		original.Think.Value = "modified"
-	}
-
-	// Verify copy is unchanged
-	if copied.Model == "modified-model" {
-		t.Error("Copy Model should not be affected by original modification")
-	}
-
-	if len(copied.Messages) > 0 && copied.Messages[0].Content == "modified" {
-		t.Error("Copy Messages should not be affected by original modification")
-	}
-
-	if copied.Options["key"] == "modified" {
-		t.Error("Copy Options should not be affected by original modification")
-	}
-
-	if copied.Think != nil && copied.Think.Value == "modified" {
-		t.Error("Copy Think should not be affected by original modification")
-	}
-}
--- a/cmd/interactive.go
+++ b/cmd/interactive.go
@@ -195,24 +195,16 @@ func generateInteractive(cmd *cobra.Command, opts runOptions) error {
 				fmt.Println("Usage:\n  /load <modelname>")
 				continue
 			}
-			origOpts := opts.Copy()
-
 			opts.Model = args[1]
 			opts.Messages = []api.Message{}
 			fmt.Printf("Loading model '%s'\n", opts.Model)
 			opts.Think, err = inferThinkingOption(nil, &opts, thinkExplicitlySet)
 			if err != nil {
-				if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
-					fmt.Printf("Couldn't find model '%s'\n", opts.Model)
-					opts = origOpts.Copy()
-					continue
-				}
 				return err
 			}
 			if err := loadOrUnloadModel(cmd, &opts); err != nil {
 				if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
-					fmt.Printf("Couldn't find model '%s'\n", opts.Model)
-					opts = origOpts.Copy()
+					fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
 					continue
 				}
 				if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "does not support thinking") {
--- a/convert/reader_safetensors.go
+++ b/convert/reader_safetensors.go
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ type safetensor struct {

 func (st safetensor) Kind() uint32 {
 	kind := st.tensorBase.Kind()
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(st.name, "v.") && st.dtype == "BF16" && kind != tensorKindFP32 {
+	if st.dtype == "BF16" && kind != tensorKindFP32 {
 		kind = tensorKindBF16
 	}

--- a/convert/reader_test.go
+++ b/convert/reader_test.go
@@ -230,65 +230,3 @@ func TestSafetensors(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestSafetensorKind(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		st       safetensor
-		expected uint32
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "BF16 dtype with non-v. prefix and non-FP32 base kind should return BF16",
-			st: safetensor{
-				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
-					name:  "weight.matrix",
-					shape: []uint64{10, 10}, // will default to FP16
-				},
-				dtype: "BF16",
-			},
-			expected: tensorKindBF16,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "BF16 dtype with v. prefix should return base kind",
-			st: safetensor{
-				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
-					name:  "v.weight.matrix",
-					shape: []uint64{10, 10}, // will default to FP16
-				},
-				dtype: "BF16",
-			},
-			expected: tensorKindFP16,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "BF16 dtype with FP32 base kind should return FP32",
-			st: safetensor{
-				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
-					name:  "weight.matrix",
-					shape: []uint64{10}, // will default to FP32
-				},
-				dtype: "BF16",
-			},
-			expected: tensorKindFP32,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "Non-BF16 dtype should return base kind",
-			st: safetensor{
-				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
-					name:  "weight.matrix",
-					shape: []uint64{10, 10}, // will default to FP16
-				},
-				dtype: "FP16",
-			},
-			expected: tensorKindFP16,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			result := tt.st.Kind()
-			if result != tt.expected {
-				t.Errorf("Kind() = %d, expected %d", result, tt.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/discover/cuda_common.go
+++ b/discover/cuda_common.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 // Included to drive logic for reducing Ollama-allocated overhead on L4T/Jetson devices.
 var CudaTegra string = os.Getenv("JETSON_JETPACK")

-func cudaVariant(gpuInfos []CudaGPUInfo) string {
+func cudaVariant(gpuInfo CudaGPUInfo) string {
 	if runtime.GOARCH == "arm64" && runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
 		if CudaTegra != "" {
 			ver := strings.Split(CudaTegra, ".")
@@ -45,19 +45,12 @@ func cudaVariant(gpuInfos []CudaGPUInfo) string {
 		}
 	}

-	// Check GPU compute capability FIRST, lowest common denominator if multi-gpu
-	for _, gpuInfo := range gpuInfos {
-		if gpuInfo.computeMajor < 7 || (gpuInfo.computeMajor == 7 && gpuInfo.computeMinor < 5) {
-			// GPU is Pascal or older (CC <= 7.4) - use CUDA v12 (supports CC 6.1)
-			return "v12"
-		}
-	}
-
-	// GPU is Turing or newer (CC >= 7.5) - can use newer CUDA
-	if len(gpuInfos) > 0 && gpuInfos[0].DriverMajor < 13 {
+	if gpuInfo.DriverMajor < 13 {
 		// The detected driver is older than 580 (Aug 2025)
 		// Warn if their CC is compatible with v13 and they should upgrade their driver to get better performance
-		slog.Warn("old CUDA driver detected - please upgrade to a newer driver for best performance", "version", fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d", gpuInfos[0].DriverMajor, gpuInfos[0].DriverMinor))
+		if gpuInfo.computeMajor > 7 || (gpuInfo.computeMajor == 7 && gpuInfo.computeMinor >= 5) {
+			slog.Warn("old CUDA driver detected - please upgrade to a newer driver for best performance", "version", fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d", gpuInfo.DriverMajor, gpuInfo.DriverMinor))
+		}
 		return "v12"
 	}
 	return "v13"
--- a/discover/gpu.go
+++ b/discover/gpu.go
@@ -284,8 +284,18 @@ func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
 				gpuInfo.MinimumMemory = cudaMinimumMemory
 				gpuInfo.DriverMajor = driverMajor
 				gpuInfo.DriverMinor = driverMinor
+				variant := cudaVariant(gpuInfo)

+				// Start with our bundled libraries
+				if variant != "" {
+					variantPath := filepath.Join(LibOllamaPath, "cuda_"+variant)
+					if _, err := os.Stat(variantPath); err == nil {
+						// Put the variant directory first in the search path to avoid runtime linking to the wrong library
+						gpuInfo.DependencyPath = append([]string{variantPath}, gpuInfo.DependencyPath...)
+					}
+				}
 				gpuInfo.Name = C.GoString(&memInfo.gpu_name[0])
+				gpuInfo.Variant = variant

 				if int(memInfo.major) < cudaComputeMajorMin || (int(memInfo.major) == cudaComputeMajorMin && int(memInfo.minor) < cudaComputeMinorMin) {
 					unsupportedGPUs = append(unsupportedGPUs,
@@ -323,24 +333,6 @@ func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
 				// TODO potentially sort on our own algorithm instead of what the underlying GPU library does...
 				cudaGPUs = append(cudaGPUs, gpuInfo)
 			}
-			// Second pass on NVIDIA GPUs to set lowest common denominator variant and DependencyPaths
-			variant := cudaVariant(cudaGPUs)
-			var variantPath string
-			// Start with our bundled libraries
-			if variant != "" {
-				variantPath = filepath.Join(LibOllamaPath, "cuda_"+variant)
-				if _, err := os.Stat(variantPath); err != nil {
-					variantPath = ""
-				}
-			}
-
-			for i := range cudaGPUs {
-				cudaGPUs[i].Variant = variant
-				if variantPath != "" {
-					// Put the variant directory first in the search path to avoid runtime linking to the wrong library
-					cudaGPUs[i].DependencyPath = append([]string{variantPath}, cudaGPUs[i].DependencyPath...)
-				}
-			}
 		}

 		// Intel
--- a/docs/cloud.md
+++ b/docs/cloud.md
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# Cloud
-
-| Ollama's cloud is currently in preview. For full documentation, see [Ollama's documentation](https://docs.ollama.com/cloud).
-
-## Cloud Models
-
-[Cloud models](https://ollama.com/cloud) are a new kind of model in Ollama that can run without a powerful GPU. Instead, cloud models are automatically offloaded to Ollama's cloud while offering the same capabilities as local models, making it possible to keep using your local tools while running larger models that wouldn’t fit on a personal computer.
-
-Ollama currently supports the following cloud models, with more coming soon:
-
- `gpt-oss:20b-cloud`
- `gpt-oss:120b-cloud`
- `deepseek-v3.1:671b-cloud`
- `qwen3-coder:480b-cloud`
-
-### Get started
-
-To run a cloud model, open the terminal and run:
-
-```
-ollama run gpt-oss:120b-cloud
-```
-
-To run cloud models with integrations that work with Ollama, first download the cloud model:
-
-```
-ollama pull qwen3-coder:480b-cloud
-```
-
-Then sign in to Ollama:
-
-```
-ollama signin
-```
-
-Finally, access the model using the model name `qwen3-coder:480b-cloud` via Ollama's local API or tooling.
-
-## Cloud API access
-
-Cloud models can also be accessed directly on ollama.com's API. For more information, see the [docs](https://docs.ollama.com/cloud).
--- a/docs/turbo.md
+++ b/docs/turbo.md
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# Turbo
+
+> ⚠️ Turbo is preview
+
+Ollama’s [Turbo](https://ollama.com/turbo) is a new way to run open-source models with acceleration from datacenter-grade hardware.
+
+Currently, the following models are available in Turbo:
+
+- `gpt-oss:20b`
+- `gpt-oss:120b`
+
+## Get started
+
+### Ollama for macOS & Windows
+
+Download Ollama
+
+- Select a model such as `gpt-oss:20b` or `gpt-oss:120b`
+- Click on **Turbo**. You’ll be prompted to create an account or sign in
+
+### Ollama’s CLI
+
+- [Sign up](https://ollama.com/signup) for an Ollama account
+- Add your Ollama key [to ollama.com](https://ollama.com/settings/keys).
+
+  On macOS and Linux:
+
+  ```shell
+  cat ~/.ollama/id_ed25519.pub
+  ```
+
+  On Windows:
+
+  ```
+  type "%USERPROFILE%\.ollama\id_ed25519.pub"
+  ```
+
+- Then run a model setting `OLLAMA_HOST` to `ollama.com`:
+  ```shell
+  OLLAMA_HOST=ollama.com ollama run gpt-oss:120b
+  ```
+
+### Ollama’s Python library
+
+- Download Ollama's [Python library](https://github.com/ollama/ollama-python)
+- [Sign up](https://ollama.com/signup) for an Ollama account
+- Create an API key by visiting https://ollama.com/settings/keys
+
+```python
+from ollama import Client
+
+client = Client(
+    host="https://ollama.com",
+    headers={'Authorization': '<api key>'}
+)
+
+messages = [
+  {
+    'role': 'user',
+    'content': 'Why is the sky blue?',
+  },
+]
+
+for part in client.chat('gpt-oss:120b', messages=messages, stream=True):
+  print(part['message']['content'], end='', flush=True)
+```
+
+### Ollama’s JavaScript library
+
+- Download Ollama's [JavaScript library](https://github.com/ollama/ollama-js)
+- [Sign up](https://ollama.com/signup) for an Ollama account
+- Create an API key by visiting https://ollama.com/settings/keys
+
+```typescript
+import { Ollama } from 'ollama';
+
+const ollama = new Ollama({
+  host: 'https://ollama.com',
+  headers: {
+	  Authorization: "Bearer <api key>"
+  }
+});
+
+const response = await ollama.chat({
+  model: 'gpt-oss:120b',
+  messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Explain quantum computing' }],
+  stream: true
+});
+
+for await (const part of response) {
+    process.stdout.write(part.message.content)
+}
+```
+
+### Community integrations
+
+Turbo mode is also compatible with several community integrations.
+
+#### Open WebUI
+
+- Go to **settings** → **Admin settings** → **Connections**
+- Under **Ollama API,** click **+**
+- For the **URL** put `https://ollama.com`
+- For the **API key,** create an API key on https://ollama.com/settings/keys and add it.
+- Click **Save**
+
+Now, if you navigate to the model selector, Turbo models should be available under **External**.
--- a/envconfig/config.go
+++ b/envconfig/config.go
@@ -134,17 +134,6 @@ func LoadTimeout() (loadTimeout time.Duration) {
 	return loadTimeout
 }

-func Remotes() []string {
-	var r []string
-	raw := strings.TrimSpace(Var("OLLAMA_REMOTES"))
-	if raw == "" {
-		r = []string{"ollama.com"}
-	} else {
-		r = strings.Split(raw, ",")
-	}
-	return r
-}
-
 func Bool(k string) func() bool {
 	return func() bool {
 		if s := Var(k); s != "" {
@@ -281,7 +270,6 @@ func AsMap() map[string]EnvVar {
 		"OLLAMA_MULTIUSER_CACHE":   {"OLLAMA_MULTIUSER_CACHE", MultiUserCache(), "Optimize prompt caching for multi-user scenarios"},
 		"OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH":    {"OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH", ContextLength(), "Context length to use unless otherwise specified (default: 4096)"},
 		"OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE":        {"OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE", NewEngine(), "Enable the new Ollama engine"},
-		"OLLAMA_REMOTES":           {"OLLAMA_REMOTES", Remotes(), "Allowed hosts for remote models (default \"ollama.com\")"},

 		// Informational
 		"HTTP_PROXY":  {"HTTP_PROXY", String("HTTP_PROXY")(), "HTTP proxy"},
--- a/fs/ggml/ggml.go
+++ b/fs/ggml/ggml.go
@@ -243,8 +243,6 @@ func (kv KV) OllamaEngineRequired() bool {
 		"gemma3",
 		"gemma3n",
 		"mistral3",
-		"qwen3",
-		"qwen3moe",
 		"llama4",
 		"mllama",
 		"qwen25vl",
--- a/harmony/harmonyparser.go
+++ b/harmony/harmonyparser.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package harmony

 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"strings"
@@ -266,8 +265,6 @@ type HarmonyMessageHandler struct {
 	state           harmonyMessageState
 	HarmonyParser   *HarmonyParser
 	FunctionNameMap *FunctionNameMap
-	toolAccumulator *HarmonyToolCallAccumulator
-	convertedTools  map[string]struct{}
 }

 // NewHarmonyMessageHandler creates a new message handler
@@ -280,7 +277,6 @@ func NewHarmonyMessageHandler() *HarmonyMessageHandler {
 			HeaderEndTag:    "<|message|>",
 		},
 		FunctionNameMap: NewFunctionNameMap(),
-		convertedTools:  make(map[string]struct{}),
 	}
 }

@@ -388,85 +384,8 @@ func NewFunctionNameMap() *FunctionNameMap {
 	}
 }

-// Init initializes the handler with tools and optional last message
-// Implements the Parser interface
-func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool {
-	// Initialize the harmony parser
-	if h.HarmonyParser == nil {
-		h.HarmonyParser = &HarmonyParser{
-			MessageStartTag: "<|start|>",
-			MessageEndTag:   "<|end|>",
-			HeaderEndTag:    "<|message|>",
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Handle prefill for chat mode
-	if lastMessage != nil {
-		h.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(lastMessage)
-	} else {
-		h.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-	}
-
-	// Initialize tool accumulator
-	h.toolAccumulator = h.CreateToolParser()
-
-	// Process tools and return renamed versions
-	if len(tools) == 0 {
-		return tools
-	}
-
-	processedTools := make([]api.Tool, len(tools))
-	copy(processedTools, tools)
-	for i, tool := range processedTools {
-		if tool.Function.Name != "" {
-			processedTools[i].Function.Name = h.FunctionNameMap.ConvertAndAdd(tool.Function.Name)
-			h.convertedTools[tool.Function.Name] = struct{}{}
-		}
-	}
-	return processedTools
-}
-
-// Add implements the Parser interface - processes streamed content and extracts content, thinking, and tool calls
-func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error) {
-	content, thinking, toolContent := h.AddContent(s, h.toolAccumulator)
-	if toolContent != "" {
-		h.toolAccumulator.Add(toolContent)
-	}
-
-	// tool calls always happen one at a time, and always at the end of a message,
-	// so for simplicity we defer parsing them until we know we're done
-	if done {
-		toolName, raw := h.toolAccumulator.Drain()
-		if toolName != nil {
-			name := strings.TrimPrefix(*toolName, "functions.")
-			name = h.FunctionNameMap.OriginalFromConverted(name)
-			var args api.ToolCallFunctionArguments
-			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &args); err != nil {
-				return "", "", nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing tool call: raw='%s', err=%w", raw, err)
-			}
-			calls = append(calls, api.ToolCall{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{Name: name, Arguments: args}})
-		}
-	}
-
-	return content, thinking, calls, nil
-}
-
-// HasToolSupport implements the Parser interface
-func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) HasToolSupport() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-// HasThinkingSupport implements the Parser interface
-func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) HasThinkingSupport() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
 func (m *FunctionNameMap) ConvertAndAdd(userFunctionName string) string {
 	harmonyFunctionName := m.deriveName(userFunctionName)
-	// built-in functions should not be renamed
-	if userFunctionName == "browser.open" || userFunctionName == "browser.search" || userFunctionName == "browser.find" || userFunctionName == "python" {
-		harmonyFunctionName = userFunctionName
-	}
 	m.userToHarmony[userFunctionName] = harmonyFunctionName
 	m.harmonyToUser[harmonyFunctionName] = userFunctionName
 	return harmonyFunctionName
--- a/harmony/harmonyparser_test.go
+++ b/harmony/harmonyparser_test.go
@@ -513,7 +513,6 @@ func TestFunctionConvertAndAdd(t *testing.T) {
 		{name: "dupes from different user-specified names", in: []string{"get weather", "get_weather", "get-weather"}, want: []string{"get_weather", "get_weather_2", "get_weather_3"}},
 		{name: "non dupes after dupes", in: []string{"get weather", "get_weather", "get-weather", "something-different"}, want: []string{"get_weather", "get_weather_2", "get_weather_3", "something_different"}},
 		{name: "multiple sets of dupes", in: []string{"a", "a", "b", "a", "a", "b", "a"}, want: []string{"a", "a_2", "b", "a_3", "a_4", "b_2", "a_5"}},
-		{name: "built-in functions should not be renamed", in: []string{"browser.open", "python", "not.a.built-in.function", "browser.not_a_real_built_in"}, want: []string{"browser.open", "python", "not_a_built_in_function", "browser_not_a_real_built_in"}},
 	}

 	for i, tt := range tests {
--- a/integration/README.md
+++ b/integration/README.md
@@ -12,6 +12,3 @@ The integration tests have 2 modes of operating.

 > [!IMPORTANT]
 > Before running the tests locally without the "test existing" setting, compile ollama from the top of the source tree  `go build .` in addition to GPU support with cmake if applicable on your platform.  The integration tests expect to find an ollama binary at the top of the tree.
-
-
-Many tests use a default small model suitable to run on many systems.  You can override this default model by setting `OLLAMA_TEST_DEFAULT_MODEL`
--- a/integration/api_test.go
+++ b/integration/api_test.go
@@ -22,12 +22,13 @@ func TestAPIGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 	// Set up the test data
 	req := api.GenerateRequest{
 		Model:  smol,
-		Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
+		Prompt: "why is the sky blue? be brief",
 		Options: map[string]interface{}{
 			"temperature": 0,
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
+	anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"}

 	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
 	defer cleanup()
@@ -119,14 +120,14 @@ func TestAPIGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 				// Verify the response contains the expected data
 				response := buf.String()
 				atLeastOne := false
-				for _, resp := range blueSkyExpected {
+				for _, resp := range anyResp {
 					if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(response), resp) {
 						atLeastOne = true
 						break
 					}
 				}
 				if !atLeastOne {
-					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", blueSkyExpected, response)
+					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", anyResp, response)
 				}
 			case <-ctx.Done():
 				t.Error("outer test context done while waiting for generate")
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ func TestAPIChat(t *testing.T) {
 		Messages: []api.Message{
 			{
 				Role:    "user",
-				Content: blueSkyPrompt,
+				Content: "why is the sky blue?  be brief",
 			},
 		},
 		Options: map[string]interface{}{
@@ -188,6 +189,7 @@ func TestAPIChat(t *testing.T) {
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
+	anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"}

 	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
 	defer cleanup()
@@ -277,14 +279,14 @@ func TestAPIChat(t *testing.T) {
 				// Verify the response contains the expected data
 				response := buf.String()
 				atLeastOne := false
-				for _, resp := range blueSkyExpected {
+				for _, resp := range anyResp {
 					if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(response), resp) {
 						atLeastOne = true
 						break
 					}
 				}
 				if !atLeastOne {
-					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", blueSkyExpected, response)
+					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", anyResp, response)
 				}
 			case <-ctx.Done():
 				t.Error("outer test context done while waiting for chat")
--- a/integration/basic_test.go
+++ b/integration/basic_test.go
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ func TestBlueSky(t *testing.T) {
 	// Set up the test data
 	req := api.GenerateRequest{
 		Model:  smol,
-		Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
+		Prompt: "why is the sky blue?",
 		Stream: &stream,
 		Options: map[string]any{
 			"temperature": 0,
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, blueSkyExpected)
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"})
 }

 func TestUnicode(t *testing.T) {
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@ func TestUnicodeModelDir(t *testing.T) {

 	req := api.GenerateRequest{
 		Model:  smol,
-		Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
+		Prompt: "why is the sky blue?",
 		Stream: &stream,
 		Options: map[string]any{
 			"temperature": 0,
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, blueSkyExpected)
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"})
 }
--- a/integration/context_test.go
+++ b/integration/context_test.go
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ func TestContextExhaustion(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, req.Model); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("PullIfMissing failed: %v", err)
 	}
-	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, []string{"once", "upon", "lived", "sunny", "cloudy", "clear", "water", "time", "travel", "world"}, 120*time.Second, 10*time.Second)
+	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, []string{"once", "upon", "lived", "sunny", "cloudy", "clear", "water"}, 120*time.Second, 10*time.Second)
 }

 // Send multiple generate requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
-func TestParallelGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	modelOverride := ollamaEngineChatModels[0] // Most recent ollama engine model
 	req, resp := GenerateRequests()
 	numParallel := 2
@@ -113,48 +113,8 @@ func TestParallelGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }

-// Send generate requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
-func TestGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
-	req := api.GenerateRequest{
-		Model:     smol,
-		Prompt:    rainbowPrompt,
-		Stream:    &stream,
-		KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
-		Options: map[string]any{
-			"num_ctx": 16384,
-		},
-	}
-
-	softTimeout, hardTimeout := getTimeouts(t)
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), hardTimeout)
-	defer cancel()
-	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
-	defer cleanup()
-
-	// Get the server running (if applicable) warm the model up with a single initial request
-	slog.Info("loading", "model", req.Model)
-	err := client.Generate(ctx,
-		&api.GenerateRequest{Model: req.Model, KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second}, Options: req.Options},
-		func(response api.GenerateResponse) error { return nil },
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to load model %s: %s", req.Model, err)
-	}
-
-	req.Context = DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
-
-	for i := 0; i < len(rainbowFollowups); i++ {
-		req.Prompt = rainbowFollowups[i]
-		if time.Now().Sub(started) > softTimeout {
-			slog.Info("exceeded soft timeout, winding down test")
-			return
-		}
-		req.Context = DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
-	}
-}
-
 // Send multiple chat requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
-func TestParallelChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
+func TestChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	modelOverride := ollamaEngineChatModels[0] // Most recent ollama engine model
 	req, resp := ChatRequests()
 	numParallel := 2
@@ -204,55 +164,3 @@ func TestParallelChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
 }
-
-// Send generate requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
-func TestChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
-	req := api.ChatRequest{
-		Model:     smol,
-		Stream:    &stream,
-		KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
-		Options: map[string]any{
-			"num_ctx": 16384,
-		},
-		Messages: []api.Message{
-			{
-				Role:    "user",
-				Content: rainbowPrompt,
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	softTimeout, hardTimeout := getTimeouts(t)
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), hardTimeout)
-	defer cancel()
-	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
-	defer cleanup()
-
-	// Get the server running (if applicable) warm the model up with a single initial request
-	slog.Info("loading", "model", req.Model)
-	err := client.Generate(ctx,
-		&api.GenerateRequest{Model: req.Model, KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second}, Options: req.Options},
-		func(response api.GenerateResponse) error { return nil },
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to load model %s: %s", req.Model, err)
-	}
-
-	assistant := DoChat(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
-
-	for i := 0; i < len(rainbowFollowups); i++ {
-		if time.Now().Sub(started) > softTimeout {
-			slog.Info("exceeded soft timeout, winding down test")
-			return
-		}
-		req.Messages = append(req.Messages,
-			*assistant,
-			api.Message{Role: "user", Content: rainbowFollowups[i]},
-		)
-
-		assistant = DoChat(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
-		if assistant == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("didn't get an assistant response for context")
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/integration/embed_test.go
+++ b/integration/embed_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 )

@@ -45,8 +44,9 @@ func TestAllMiniLMEmbeddings(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	res, err := embeddingTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req)
+
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
 	}

 	if len(res.Embedding) != 384 {
@@ -74,8 +74,9 @@ func TestAllMiniLMEmbed(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	res, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req)
+
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
 	}

 	if len(res.Embeddings) != 1 {
@@ -111,8 +112,9 @@ func TestAllMiniLMBatchEmbed(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	res, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req)
+
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
 	}

 	if len(res.Embeddings) != 2 {
@@ -154,135 +156,93 @@ func TestAllMiniLMEmbedTruncate(t *testing.T) {

 	truncTrue, truncFalse := true, false

-	want, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, api.EmbedRequest{
-		Model: "all-minilm",
-		Input: "why",
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+	type testReq struct {
+		Name    string
+		Request api.EmbedRequest
 	}

-	cases := []struct {
-		name    string
-		request api.EmbedRequest
-		check   func(*api.EmbedResponse, error)
-	}{
+	reqs := []testReq{
 		{
-			name: "target truncation",
-			request: api.EmbedRequest{
+			Name: "Target Truncation",
+			Request: api.EmbedRequest{
 				Model: "all-minilm",
 				Input: "why",
 			},
-			check: func(got *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-
-				if diff := cmp.Diff(want.Embeddings[0], got.Embeddings[0]); diff != "" {
-					t.Errorf("embedding mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-				}
-			},
 		},
 		{
-			name: "default truncate",
-			request: api.EmbedRequest{
+			Name: "Default Truncate",
+			Request: api.EmbedRequest{
 				Model:   "all-minilm",
 				Input:   "why is the sky blue?",
-				Options: map[string]any{"num_ctx": 3},
-			},
-			check: func(got *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-				if diff := cmp.Diff(want.Embeddings[0], got.Embeddings[0]); diff != "" {
-					t.Errorf("embedding mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-				}
+				Options: map[string]any{"num_ctx": 1},
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			name: "explicit truncate",
-			request: api.EmbedRequest{
-				Model:    "all-minilm",
-				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
-				Truncate: &truncTrue,
-				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 3},
-			},
-			check: func(got *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-				if diff := cmp.Diff(want.Embeddings[0], got.Embeddings[0]); diff != "" {
-					t.Errorf("embedding mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-				}
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "truncate error",
-			request: api.EmbedRequest{
-				Model:    "all-minilm",
-				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
-				Truncate: &truncFalse,
-				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 3},
-			},
-			check: func(res *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
-				if err.Error() != "input exceeds maximum context length" {
-					t.Fatalf("expected truncation error, got: %v", err)
-				}
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "input after truncate error",
-			request: api.EmbedRequest{
+			Name: "Explicit Truncate",
+			Request: api.EmbedRequest{
 				Model:    "all-minilm",
 				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
 				Truncate: &truncTrue,
 				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 1},
 			},
-			check: func(res *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
-				if err.Error() != "input after truncation exceeds maximum context length" {
-					t.Fatalf("expected truncation error, got: %v", err)
-				}
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "input after truncate error",
-			request: api.EmbedRequest{
-				Model:    "all-minilm",
-				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
-				Truncate: &truncTrue,
-				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 0},
-			},
-			check: func(res *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
-				if err.Error() != "input after truncation exceeds maximum context length" {
-					t.Fatalf("expected truncation error, got: %v", err)
-				}
-			},
 		},
 	}

-	for _, req := range cases {
-		t.Run(req.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			req.check(embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req.request))
-		})
+	res := make(map[string]*api.EmbedResponse)
+
+	for _, req := range reqs {
+		response, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req.Request)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+		}
+		res[req.Name] = response
+	}
+
+	if res["Target Truncation"].Embeddings[0][0] != res["Default Truncate"].Embeddings[0][0] {
+		t.Fatal("expected default request to truncate correctly")
+	}
+
+	if res["Default Truncate"].Embeddings[0][0] != res["Explicit Truncate"].Embeddings[0][0] {
+		t.Fatal("expected default request and truncate true request to be the same")
+	}
+
+	// check that truncate set to false returns an error if context length is exceeded
+	_, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, api.EmbedRequest{
+		Model:    "all-minilm",
+		Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
+		Truncate: &truncFalse,
+		Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 1},
+	})
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
 	}
 }

 func embeddingTestHelper(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, t *testing.T, req api.EmbeddingRequest) (*api.EmbeddingResponse, error) {
-	t.Helper()
-
 	if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, req.Model); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to pull model %s: %v", req.Model, err)
 	}

-	return client.Embeddings(ctx, &req)
+	response, err := client.Embeddings(ctx, &req)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return response, nil
 }

 func embedTestHelper(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, t *testing.T, req api.EmbedRequest) (*api.EmbedResponse, error) {
-	t.Helper()
-
 	if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, req.Model); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to pull model %s: %v", req.Model, err)
 	}

-	return client.Embed(ctx, &req)
+	response, err := client.Embed(ctx, &req)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return response, nil
 }
--- a/integration/library_models_test.go
+++ b/integration/library_models_test.go
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ package integration

 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
-	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ func TestLibraryModelsGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 	defer cancel()
 	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
 	defer cleanup()
-	targetArch := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_ARCHITECTURE")

 	chatModels := libraryChatModels
 	for _, model := range chatModels {
@@ -33,26 +30,16 @@ func TestLibraryModelsGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 			if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, model); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("pull failed %s", err)
 			}
-			if targetArch != "" {
-				resp, err := client.Show(ctx, &api.ShowRequest{Name: model})
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("unable to show model: %s", err)
-				}
-				arch := resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"].(string)
-				if arch != targetArch {
-					t.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Skipping %s architecture %s != %s", model, arch, targetArch))
-				}
-			}
 			req := api.GenerateRequest{
 				Model:     model,
-				Prompt:    blueSkyPrompt,
+				Prompt:    "why is the sky blue?",
 				KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
 				Options: map[string]interface{}{
 					"temperature": 0.1,
 					"seed":        123,
 				},
 			}
-			anyResp := blueSkyExpected
+			anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scatter", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen", "wavelength"}
 			// Special cases
 			if model == "duckdb-nsql" {
 				anyResp = []string{"select", "from"}
--- a/integration/model_arch_test.go
+++ b/integration/model_arch_test.go
@@ -68,13 +68,14 @@ func TestModelsGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 			// TODO - fiddle with context size
 			req := api.GenerateRequest{
 				Model:  model,
-				Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
+				Prompt: "why is the sky blue?",
 				Options: map[string]interface{}{
 					"temperature": 0,
 					"seed":        123,
 				},
 			}
-			DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, blueSkyExpected, 120*time.Second, 30*time.Second)
+			anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen"}
+			DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, anyResp, 120*time.Second, 30*time.Second)
 		})
 	}
 }
--- a/integration/model_perf_test.go
+++ b/integration/model_perf_test.go
@@ -40,18 +40,6 @@ var (
 // cat int.log | grep MODEL_PERF_HEADER | head -1| cut -f2- -d: > perf.csv
 // cat int.log | grep MODEL_PERF_DATA | cut -f2- -d: >> perf.csv
 func TestModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
-	if s := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE"); s != "" {
-		doModelPerfTest(t, ollamaEngineChatModels)
-	} else {
-		doModelPerfTest(t, append(ollamaEngineChatModels, llamaRunnerChatModels...))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestLibraryModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
-	doModelPerfTest(t, libraryChatModels)
-}
-
-func doModelPerfTest(t *testing.T, chatModels []string) {
 	softTimeout, hardTimeout := getTimeouts(t)
 	slog.Info("Setting timeouts", "soft", softTimeout, "hard", hardTimeout)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), hardTimeout)
@@ -77,12 +65,14 @@ func doModelPerfTest(t *testing.T, chatModels []string) {
 	}
 	longPrompt := "summarize the following: " + string(data)

-	targetArch := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_ARCHITECTURE")
+	var chatModels []string
+	if s := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE"); s != "" {
+		chatModels = ollamaEngineChatModels
+	} else {
+		chatModels = append(ollamaEngineChatModels, llamaRunnerChatModels...)
+	}

 	for _, model := range chatModels {
-		if !strings.Contains(model, ":") {
-			model = model + ":latest"
-		}
 		t.Run(model, func(t *testing.T) {
 			if time.Now().Sub(started) > softTimeout {
 				t.Skip("skipping remaining tests to avoid excessive runtime")
@@ -98,9 +88,6 @@ func doModelPerfTest(t *testing.T, chatModels []string) {
 			}
 			arch := resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"].(string)
 			maxContext = int(resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", arch)].(float64))
-			if targetArch != "" && arch != targetArch {
-				t.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Skipping %s architecture %s != %s", model, arch, targetArch))
-			}

 			if maxVram > 0 {
 				resp, err := client.List(ctx)
@@ -164,8 +151,8 @@ func doModelPerfTest(t *testing.T, chatModels []string) {
 					prompt  string
 					anyResp []string
 				}{
-					{blueSkyPrompt, blueSkyExpected},
-					{maxPrompt, []string{"shakespeare", "oppression", "sorrows", "gutenberg", "child", "license", "sonnet", "melancholy", "love", "sorrow", "beauty"}},
+					{"why is the sky blue?", []string{"rayleigh", "scattering", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen"}},
+					{maxPrompt, []string{"shakespeare", "oppression", "sorrows", "gutenberg", "child", "license", "sonnet", "melancholy"}},
 				}
 				var gpuPercent int
 				for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -254,12 +241,11 @@ func doModelPerfTest(t *testing.T, chatModels []string) {
 							}
 						}
 					}
-					// Round the logged prompt count for comparisons across versions/configurations which can vary slightly
 					fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "MODEL_PERF_HEADER:%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s\n",
 						"MODEL",
 						"CONTEXT",
 						"GPU PERCENT",
-						"APPROX PROMPT COUNT",
+						"PROMPT COUNT",
 						"LOAD TIME",
 						"PROMPT EVAL TPS",
 						"EVAL TPS",
@@ -268,7 +254,7 @@ func doModelPerfTest(t *testing.T, chatModels []string) {
 						model,
 						numCtx,
 						gpuPercent,
-						(resp.PromptEvalCount/10)*10,
+						resp.PromptEvalCount,
 						float64(resp.LoadDuration)/1000000000.0,
 						float64(resp.PromptEvalCount)/(float64(resp.PromptEvalDuration)/1000000000.0),
 						float64(resp.EvalCount)/(float64(resp.EvalDuration)/1000000000.0),
--- a/integration/quantization_test.go
+++ b/integration/quantization_test.go
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func TestQuantization(t *testing.T) {
 				stream := true
 				genReq := api.GenerateRequest{
 					Model:     newName,
-					Prompt:    blueSkyPrompt,
+					Prompt:    "why is the sky blue?",
 					KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 3 * time.Second},
 					Options: map[string]any{
 						"seed":        42,
@@ -88,13 +88,14 @@ func TestQuantization(t *testing.T) {

 				// Some smaller quantizations can cause models to have poor quality
 				// or get stuck in repetition loops, so we stop as soon as we have any matches
+				anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering", "day", "sun", "moon", "color", "nitrogen", "oxygen"}
 				reqCtx, reqCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 				atLeastOne := false
 				var buf bytes.Buffer
 				genfn := func(response api.GenerateResponse) error {
 					buf.Write([]byte(response.Response))
 					fullResp := strings.ToLower(buf.String())
-					for _, resp := range blueSkyExpected {
+					for _, resp := range anyResp {
 						if strings.Contains(fullResp, resp) {
 							atLeastOne = true
 							t.Log(fullResp)
--- a/integration/utils_test.go
+++ b/integration/utils_test.go
@@ -256,29 +256,13 @@ var (
 		"snowflake-arctic-embed",
 		"snowflake-arctic-embed2",
 	}
-
-	blueSkyPrompt   = "why is the sky blue? Be brief but factual in your reply"
-	blueSkyExpected = []string{"rayleigh", "scatter", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen", "wavelength", "interact"}
-
-	rainbowPrompt    = "how do rainbows form? Be brief but factual in your reply"
-	rainbowFollowups = []string{
-		"Explain the physics involved in them.  Be breif in your reply",
-		"Explain the chemistry involved in them.  Be breif in your reply",
-		"Explain the quantum mechanics involved in them. Be breif in your reply",
-		"What are common myths related to them? Be brief in your reply",
-		"What are common fairytales related to them? Be brief in your reply",
-		"Can they form if there is no rain?  Be breif in your reply",
-		"Can they form if there are no clouds?  Be breif in your reply",
-		"Do they happen on other planets? Be brief in your reply",
-	}
-	rainbowExpected = []string{"water", "droplet", "mist", "glow", "refracted", "reflect", "color", "spectrum", "frequency", "end", "gold", "fortune", "blessing", "prosperity"}
 )

 func init() {
 	lifecycle.InitLogging()
-	custom := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_DEFAULT_MODEL")
+	custom := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_SMOL_MODEL")
 	if custom != "" {
-		slog.Info("setting default test model to " + custom)
+		slog.Info("setting smol test model to " + custom)
 		smol = custom
 	}
 }
@@ -593,11 +577,11 @@ func GenerateRequests() ([]api.GenerateRequest, [][]string) {
 			},
 		},
 		[][]string{
-			{"sunlight", "scatter", "interact", "color", "surface", "depth", "red", "orange", "yellow", "absorb", "wavelength", "water", "molecule"},
-			{"soil", "organic", "earth", "black", "tan", "chemical", "processes", "pigment", "particle", "iron oxide", "rust", "air", "water", "wet", "mixture", "mixing", "mineral", "element", "decomposed", "matter", "wavelength"},
-			{"water", "droplet", "refract", "reflect", "color", "spectrum", "raindrop"},
+			{"sunlight", "scattering", "interact", "color", "surface", "depth", "red", "orange", "yellow", "absorbs", "wavelength"},
+			{"soil", "organic", "earth", "black", "tan", "chemical", "processes", "pigments", "particles", "iron oxide", "rust", "air", "water", "mixture", "mixing"},
+			{"water", "droplet", "refracted", "reflect", "color", "spectrum"},
 			{"fourth", "july", "declaration", "independence"},
-			{"nitrogen", "oxygen", "carbon", "dioxide", "water", "vapor", "fluid", "particles", "gas"},
+			{"nitrogen", "oxygen", "carbon", "dioxide", "water", "vapor"},
 		}
 }

--- a/logutil/logutil.go
+++ b/logutil/logutil.go
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
-	"time"
 )

 const LevelTrace slog.Level = -8
@@ -31,18 +29,10 @@ func NewLogger(w io.Writer, level slog.Level) *slog.Logger {
 	}))
 }

-type key string
-
 func Trace(msg string, args ...any) {
-	TraceContext(context.WithValue(context.TODO(), key("skip"), 1), msg, args...)
+	slog.Log(context.TODO(), LevelTrace, msg, args...)
 }

 func TraceContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any) {
-	if logger := slog.Default(); logger.Enabled(ctx, LevelTrace) {
-		skip, _ := ctx.Value(key("skip")).(int)
-		pc, _, _, _ := runtime.Caller(1 + skip)
-		record := slog.NewRecord(time.Now(), LevelTrace, msg, pc)
-		record.Add(args...)
-		logger.Handler().Handle(ctx, record)
-	}
+	slog.Log(ctx, LevelTrace, msg, args...)
 }
--- a/ml/backend.go
+++ b/ml/backend.go
@@ -430,13 +430,12 @@ type Tensor interface {
 	Sin(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Cos(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Tanh(ctx Context) Tensor
-	GELU(ctx Context, up ...Tensor) Tensor
-	SILU(ctx Context, up ...Tensor) Tensor
-	RELU(ctx Context, up ...Tensor) Tensor
+	GELU(ctx Context) Tensor
+	QuickGELU(ctx Context) Tensor
+	SILU(ctx Context) Tensor
+	RELU(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Sigmoid(ctx Context) Tensor
-
-	// AlphaLimitSILU is a variant of SILU that clamps the input to the range [-limit, limit]
-	SILUAlphaLimit(ctx Context, up Tensor, alpha, limit float32) Tensor
+	SwiGLU(ctx Context, up Tensor, alpha, limit float32) Tensor

 	Reshape(ctx Context, shape ...int) Tensor
 	View(ctx Context, offset int, shape ...int) Tensor
--- a/ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go
+++ b/ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go
@@ -1431,46 +1431,35 @@ func (t *Tensor) IM2Col(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor, s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1 int
 	}
 }

-func (t *Tensor) GELU(ctx ml.Context, t2 ...ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
-	if len(t2) > 0 {
-		return &Tensor{
-			b: t.b,
-			t: C.ggml_geglu_split(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2[0].(*Tensor).t),
-		}
-	}
+func (t *Tensor) GELU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_gelu_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
 	}
 }

-func (t *Tensor) SILU(ctx ml.Context, t2 ...ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
-	if len(t2) > 0 {
-		return &Tensor{
-			b: t.b,
-			t: C.ggml_swiglu_split(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2[0].(*Tensor).t),
-		}
+func (t *Tensor) QuickGELU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
+	return &Tensor{
+		b: t.b,
+		t: C.ggml_gelu_quick_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
 	}
+}
+
+func (t *Tensor) SILU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_silu_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
 	}
 }

-func (t *Tensor) RELU(ctx ml.Context, t2 ...ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
-	if len(t2) > 0 {
-		return &Tensor{
-			b: t.b,
-			t: C.ggml_reglu_split(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2[0].(*Tensor).t),
-		}
-	}
+func (t *Tensor) RELU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_relu_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
 	}
 }

-func (t *Tensor) SILUAlphaLimit(ctx ml.Context, up ml.Tensor, alpha, limit float32) ml.Tensor {
+func (t *Tensor) SwiGLU(ctx ml.Context, up ml.Tensor, alpha, limit float32) ml.Tensor {
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_swiglu_oai(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, up.(*Tensor).t, C.float(alpha), C.float(limit)),
--- a/ml/nn/attention.go
+++ b/ml/nn/attention.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ func Attention(ctx ml.Context, query, key, value ml.Tensor, scale float64, cache
 }

 func AttentionWithSinks(ctx ml.Context, query, key, value, sinks ml.Tensor, scale float64, cache kvcache.Cache) ml.Tensor {
-	ctx.Forward(query)
 	if key != nil && value != nil {
 		if query.Dim(0) != key.Dim(0) {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("d_k in attention operation does not match between query(%v) and key(%v)", query.Dim(0), key.Dim(0)))
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ func AttentionWithSinks(ctx ml.Context, query, key, value, sinks ml.Tensor, scal
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("seq_len_k in attention operation does not match between key(%v) and value(%v)", key.Dim(2), value.Dim(2)))
 		}

-		ctx.Forward(key, value)
 		if cache != nil {
 			cache.Put(ctx, key, value)
 		}
--- a/ml/nn/pooling/pooling.go
+++ b/ml/nn/pooling/pooling.go
@@ -11,32 +11,26 @@ const (
 	TypeMean
 	TypeCLS
 	TypeLast
+	TypeRank
+
+	TypeUnknown     = 0xFFFFFFFE
+	TypeUnspecified = 0xFFFFFFFF
 )

-func (t Type) String() string {
-	switch t {
-	case TypeMean:
-		return "Mean"
-	case TypeCLS:
-		return "CLS"
-	case TypeLast:
-		return "Last"
-	default:
-		return "Unknown"
-	}
-}
-
-func (t Type) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
-	switch t {
+func Pooling(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, poolingType Type) ml.Tensor {
+	switch poolingType {
+	case TypeNone:
+		return hiddenStates
 	case TypeMean:
 		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx).Mean(ctx)
 		return hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
 	case TypeCLS:
 		return hiddenStates.View(ctx, 0, hiddenStates.Dim(0))
 	case TypeLast:
-		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.View(ctx, (hiddenStates.Dim(1)-1)*hiddenStates.Stride(1), hiddenStates.Dim(0))
-		return hiddenStates
+		panic("not implemented")
+	case TypeRank:
+		panic("not implemented")
 	default:
-		panic("unknown pooling type")
+		panic("not implemented")
 	}
 }
--- a/ml/nn/pooling/pooling_test.go
+++ b/ml/nn/pooling/pooling_test.go
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-package pooling_test
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"os"
-	"slices"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/discover"
-	fsggml "github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend/ggml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
-)
-
-func setup(tb testing.TB, n int) ml.Backend {
-	tb.Helper()
-
-	f, err := os.CreateTemp(tb.TempDir(), "*.bin")
-	if err != nil {
-		tb.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	if err := fsggml.WriteGGUF(f, fsggml.KV{
-		"general.architecture": "test",
-		"test.block_count":     uint32(1),
-	}, []*fsggml.Tensor{
-		{Name: "blk.0.weight", Shape: []uint64{1}, WriterTo: bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 4))},
-	}); err != nil {
-		tb.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	var gpuLayers ml.GPULayersList
-	if gpus := discover.GetGPUInfo(); len(gpus) > 0 {
-		gpuLayers = append(gpuLayers, ml.GPULayers{
-			ID: gpus[0].ID,
-			Layers: slices.Collect(func(yield func(int) bool) {
-				for i := range n {
-					if !yield(i) {
-						return
-					}
-				}
-			}),
-		})
-	}
-	b, err := ggml.New(f.Name(), ml.BackendParams{AllocMemory: true, GPULayers: gpuLayers})
-	if err != nil {
-		tb.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	return b
-}
-
-func TestForward(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := map[pooling.Type][]float32{
-		pooling.TypeMean: {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
-		pooling.TypeCLS:  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7},
-		pooling.TypeLast: {8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15},
-	}
-	for typ, want := range cases {
-		t.Run(typ.String(), func(t *testing.T) {
-			b := setup(t, 99)
-			defer b.Close()
-
-			ctx := b.NewContext()
-			defer ctx.Close()
-
-			tt := ctx.Input().Arange(0, 16, 1, ml.DTypeF32).Reshape(ctx, 8, 2)
-			tt = typ.Forward(ctx, tt)
-
-			ctx.Forward(tt).Compute(tt)
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, tt.Floats()); diff != "" {
-				t.Error(diff)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/model/bytepairencoding.go
+++ b/model/bytepairencoding.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"iter"
 	"log/slog"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/dlclark/regexp2"
@@ -14,28 +13,16 @@ import (
 )

 type BytePairEncoding struct {
-	vocab   *Vocabulary
-	regexps []*regexp2.Regexp
+	pre   *regexp2.Regexp
+	vocab *Vocabulary
 }

 var _ TextProcessor = (*BytePairEncoding)(nil)

-func NewBytePairEncoding(vocab *Vocabulary, pretokenizers ...string) BytePairEncoding {
-	if len(pretokenizers) == 0 {
-		// set default byte-level pretokenizer if none provided, e.g.
-		// https://github.com/huggingface/tokenizers/blob/main/tokenizers/src/pre_tokenizers/byte_level.rs#L44
-		pretokenizers = []string{`'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d| ?\p{L}+| ?\p{N}+| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`}
-	}
-
+func NewBytePairEncoding(pre string, vocab *Vocabulary) BytePairEncoding {
 	return BytePairEncoding{
+		pre:   regexp2.MustCompile(pre, regexp2.None),
 		vocab: vocab,
-		regexps: slices.Collect(func(yield func(*regexp2.Regexp) bool) {
-			for _, p := range pretokenizers {
-				if !yield(regexp2.MustCompile(p, regexp2.RE2)) {
-					return
-				}
-			}
-		}),
 	}
 }

@@ -48,36 +35,13 @@ func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Is(id int32, special Special) bool {
 }

 func (bpe *BytePairEncoding) split(s string) iter.Seq[string] {
-	parts := []string{s}
-	for _, re := range bpe.regexps {
-		parts = slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
-			for _, part := range parts {
-				r := []rune(part)
-				var offset int
-				for m, _ := re.FindRunesMatch(r); m != nil; m, _ = re.FindNextMatch(m) {
-					if offset-m.Index != 0 {
-						if !yield(string(r[:m.Index])) {
-							return
-						}
-					}
-
-					if !yield(m.String()) {
-						return
-					}
-
-					offset = m.Index + m.Length
-				}
-
-				if offset < len(r) {
-					if !yield(string(r[offset:])) {
-						return
-					}
-				}
+	return func(yield func(string) bool) {
+		for m, _ := bpe.pre.FindStringMatch(s); m != nil; m, _ = bpe.pre.FindNextMatch(m) {
+			if !yield(m.String()) {
+				break
 			}
-		})
+		}
 	}
-
-	return slices.Values(parts)
 }

 // fragment is a string fragment and their corresponding token IDs
--- a/model/bytepairencoding_test.go
+++ b/model/bytepairencoding_test.go
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ func llama(t testing.TB) BytePairEncoding {
 	}

 	return NewBytePairEncoding(
+		`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		&Vocabulary{
 			Values: tokens,
 			Types:  types,
 			Merges: merges,
 		},
-		"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
 	)
 }

@@ -282,41 +282,3 @@ func BenchmarkBytePairEncoding(b *testing.B) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestSplit(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		patterns,
-		want []string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "default",
-			want: []string{"Hello", ",", " WORLD", "!!", " How", "'s", " it", " going", "?", " 123", " 一二三"},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "unicode",
-			patterns: []string{
-				"\\p{N}{1,3}",
-				`[一-龥぀-ゟ゠-ヿ]+`,
-				"[!\"#$%&'()*+,\\-./:;<=>?@\\[\\\\\\]^_`{|}~][A-Za-z]+|[^\r\n\\p{L}\\p{P}\\p{S}]?[\\p{L}\\p{M}]+| ?[\\p{P}\\p{S}]+[\r\n]*|\\s*[\r\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
-			},
-			want: []string{"Hello", ",", " WORLD", "!!", " How", "'s", " it", " going", "?", " ", "123", " ", "一二三"},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "individual digits",
-			patterns: []string{
-				"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
-			},
-			want: []string{"Hello", ",", " WORLD", "!!", " How", "'s", " it", " going", "?", " ", "1", "2", "3", " 一二三"},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range cases {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tokenizer := NewBytePairEncoding(nil, tt.patterns...)
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, slices.Collect(tokenizer.split("Hello, WORLD!! How's it going? 123 一二三"))); diff != "" {
-				t.Errorf("no match (-theirs +ours):\n%s", diff)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/model/model.go
+++ b/model/model.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	_ "image/jpeg"
 	_ "image/png"
-	"log/slog"
+	"math"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )

@@ -108,12 +107,23 @@ func New(modelPath string, params ml.BackendParams) (Model, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	m, err := modelForArch(b.Config())
+	arch := b.Config().Architecture()
+	if b.Config().Uint("pooling_type", math.MaxUint32) != math.MaxUint32 {
+		arch = arch + "_embed"
+	}
+
+	f, ok := models[arch]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported model architecture %q", arch)
+	}
+
+	m, err := f(b.Config())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	base := Base{b: b, config: m.Config()}
+
 	v := reflect.ValueOf(m)
 	v.Elem().Set(populateFields(base, v.Elem()))
 	return m, nil
@@ -125,38 +135,30 @@ func NewTextProcessor(s string) (TextProcessor, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer r.Close()
-
 	meta, err := fsggml.Decode(r, -1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	return getTextProcessor(meta.KV())
+}

-	m, err := modelForArch(meta.KV())
+func getTextProcessor(kv fsggml.KV) (TextProcessor, error) {
+	arch := kv.Architecture()
+	f, ok := models[arch]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported model architecture %q", arch)
+	}
+	m, err := f(kv)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	tp, ok := m.(TextProcessor)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrUnsupportedTokenizer
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%v is not a TextProcessor", m)
 	}
 	return tp, nil
 }

-func modelForArch(c fs.Config) (Model, error) {
-	arch := c.Architecture()
-	if pooling.Type(c.Uint("pooling_type")) != pooling.TypeNone {
-		arch = arch + "_embed"
-	}
-
-	f, ok := models[arch]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, ErrUnsupportedModel
-	}
-
-	return f(c)
-}
-
 func populateFields(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags ...Tag) reflect.Value {
 	t := v.Type()

@@ -172,44 +174,35 @@ func populateFields(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags ...Tag) reflect.Value {
 			// make a copy
 			tagsCopy := tags
 			if tag := t.Field(i).Tag.Get("gguf"); tag != "" {
-				tagsCopy = append(tagsCopy, parseTag(tag))
+				tagsCopy = append(tagsCopy, ParseTags(tag))
 			}

 			if tt == reflect.TypeOf((*Base)(nil)).Elem() {
 				vv.Set(reflect.ValueOf(base))
 			} else if tt == reflect.TypeOf((*ml.Tensor)(nil)).Elem() {
-				var fn func([]Tag, string, string) [][]string
-				fn = func(tags []Tag, prefix, suffix string) (fullNames [][]string) {
+				var fn func([]Tag) [][]string
+				fn = func(tags []Tag) (names [][]string) {
 					if len(tags) > 0 {
-						var names []string
-						if tags[0].name != "" {
-							for _, n := range append([]string{tags[0].name}, tags[0].alternatives...) {
-								names = append(names, prefix+n+suffix)
-							}
-						}
-						childNames := fn(tags[1:], tags[0].prefix, tags[0].suffix)
-						if len(names) == 0 {
-							// current tag has no name, use child names only
-							fullNames = append(fullNames, childNames...)
-						} else if len(childNames) == 0 {
-							// current tag has names but no children, create branches for each name
-							for _, name := range names {
-								fullNames = append(fullNames, []string{name})
-							}
-						} else {
-							// merge each name with each child
-							for _, name := range names {
-								for _, childName := range childNames {
-									fullNames = append(fullNames, append([]string{name}, childName...))
+						localNames := []string{tags[0].Name}
+						localNames = append(localNames, tags[0].Alternate...)
+
+						for _, localName := range localNames {
+							fullName := []string{localName}
+							nested := fn(tags[1:])
+							if len(nested) > 0 {
+								for _, rest := range nested {
+									names = append(names, append(fullName, rest...))
 								}
+							} else {
+								names = append(names, fullName)
 							}
 						}
 					}

-					return fullNames
+					return names
 				}

-				names := fn(tagsCopy, "", "")
+				names := fn(tagsCopy)
 				for _, name := range names {
 					if tensor := base.Backend().Get(strings.Join(name, ".")); tensor != nil {
 						logutil.Trace("found tensor", "", tensor)
@@ -223,9 +216,9 @@ func populateFields(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags ...Tag) reflect.Value {
 				for i := range vv.Len() {
 					vvv := vv.Index(i)
 					if vvv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer || vvv.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
-						setPointer(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{name: strconv.Itoa(i)}))
+						setPointer(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{Name: strconv.Itoa(i)}))
 					} else {
-						vvv.Set(populateFields(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{name: strconv.Itoa(i)})...))
+						vvv.Set(populateFields(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{Name: strconv.Itoa(i)})...))
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -264,31 +257,18 @@ func setPointer(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags []Tag) {
 }

 type Tag struct {
-	name,
-	// prefix and suffix are applied to child tags
-	prefix,
-	suffix string
-	alternatives []string
+	Name      string
+	Alternate []string
 }

-func parseTag(s string) (tag Tag) {
+func ParseTags(s string) (tag Tag) {
 	parts := strings.Split(s, ",")
 	if len(parts) > 0 {
-		tag.name = parts[0]
+		tag.Name = parts[0]

 		for _, part := range parts[1:] {
-			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "alt:"); ok && tag.name == "" {
-				// elevate alternative to primary if no primary given
-				tag.name = value
-				slog.Warn("gguf tag has alt: but no primary name", "tag", s)
-			} else if ok {
-				tag.alternatives = append(tag.alternatives, value)
-			}
-			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "pre:"); ok {
-				tag.prefix = value
-			}
-			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "suf:"); ok {
-				tag.suffix = value
+			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "alt:"); ok {
+				tag.Alternate = append(tag.Alternate, value)
 			}
 		}
 	}
--- a/model/model_test.go
+++ b/model/model_test.go
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package model

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"reflect"
 	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend/ggml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )

 func TestParseTags(t *testing.T) {
@@ -22,14 +23,14 @@ func TestParseTags(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			value: "output",
 			want: Tag{
-				name: "output",
+				Name: "output",
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			value: "output,alt:token_embd",
 			want: Tag{
-				name: "output",
-				alternatives: []string{
+				Name: "output",
+				Alternate: []string{
 					"token_embd",
 				},
 			},
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ func TestParseTags(t *testing.T) {

 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		t.Run(tt.value, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := parseTag(tt.value)
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, got, cmp.AllowUnexported((Tag{}))); diff != "" {
+			got := ParseTags(tt.value)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, got); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("ParseTags() returned unexpected values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 			}
 		})
@@ -125,7 +126,6 @@ func TestPopulateFieldsAlternateName(t *testing.T) {
 		Input  *nn.Embedding `gguf:"input"`
 		Output *nn.Linear    `gguf:"output,alt:input"`
 		Nested *nested       `gguf:"nested"`
-		Tensor ml.Tensor     `gguf:"leaf,alt:tensor"`
 	}

 	var m fakeModel
@@ -134,7 +134,6 @@ func TestPopulateFieldsAlternateName(t *testing.T) {
 		names: []string{
 			"input.weight",
 			"nested.b.weight",
-			"leaf",
 		},
 	}}, v.Elem()))

@@ -144,115 +143,44 @@ func TestPopulateFieldsAlternateName(t *testing.T) {
 		Nested: &nested{
 			Weight: &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "nested.b.weight"}},
 		},
-		Tensor: &fakeTensor{Name: "leaf"},
 	}, m); diff != "" {
 		t.Errorf("populateFields() set incorrect values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 	}
 }

-func TestPopulateFieldsPrefixSuffixName(t *testing.T) {
-	type fakeBlock struct {
-		A  *nn.Linear `gguf:"a"`
-		B  *nn.Linear `gguf:",pre:b_"`
-		C  *nn.Linear `gguf:",suf:_c"`
-		XY *nn.Linear `gguf:",pre:x_,suf:_y"`
+func TestGetTextProcessor(t *testing.T) {
+	tp, err := getTextProcessor(fsggml.KV{})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unsupported model architecture") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	} else if tp != nil {
+		t.Error("expected nil tp")
 	}

-	type fakeModel struct {
-		Blocks []fakeBlock `gguf:"blk"`
+	models["dummy"] = func(fs.Config) (Model, error) {
+		return notTextProcessorModel{}, nil
 	}
-
-	m := fakeModel{
-		Blocks: make([]fakeBlock, 2),
-	}
-	v := reflect.ValueOf(&m)
-	v.Elem().Set(populateFields(Base{b: &fakeBackend{
-		names: []string{
-			"blk.0.a.weight",
-			"blk.0.b_weight",
-			"blk.0.b_bias",
-			"blk.0.weight_c",
-			"blk.0.x_weight_y",
-			"blk.1.a.weight",
-			"blk.1.b_weight",
-			"blk.1.b_bias",
-			"blk.1.weight_c",
-			"blk.1.x_weight_y",
-		},
-	}}, v.Elem()))
-
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(fakeModel{
-		Blocks: []fakeBlock{
-			{
-				A:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.a.weight"}},
-				B:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.b_weight"}, Bias: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.b_bias"}},
-				C:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.weight_c"}},
-				XY: &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.x_weight_y"}},
-			},
-			{
-				A:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.a.weight"}},
-				B:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.b_weight"}, Bias: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.b_bias"}},
-				C:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.weight_c"}},
-				XY: &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.x_weight_y"}},
-			},
-		},
-	}, m); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("populateFields() set incorrect values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+	tp, err = getTextProcessor(fsggml.KV{"general.architecture": "dummy"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not a TextProcessor") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	} else if tp != nil {
+		t.Error("expected nil tp")
 	}
 }

-func TestModelForArch(t *testing.T) {
-	type fakeModel struct {
-		Model
-	}
+type notTextProcessorModel struct{}

-	type fakeEmbeddingModel struct {
-		Model
-	}
-
-	models["model"] = func(c fs.Config) (Model, error) { return fakeModel{}, nil }
-	models["model_embed"] = func(c fs.Config) (Model, error) { return fakeEmbeddingModel{}, nil }
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name   string
-		config fs.Config
-		want   any
-		err    error
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "model",
-			config: fsggml.KV{
-				"general.architecture": "model",
-			},
-			want: fakeModel{},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "embedding",
-			config: fsggml.KV{
-				"general.architecture": "model",
-				"model.pooling_type":   uint32(1),
-			},
-			want: fakeEmbeddingModel{},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "unsupported",
-			config: fsggml.KV{
-				"general.architecture": "unsupported",
-			},
-			err: ErrUnsupportedModel,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range cases {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, err := modelForArch(tt.config)
-			if !errors.Is(err, tt.err) {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, got); diff != "" {
-				t.Errorf("modelForArch() returned unexpected values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-			}
-		})
-	}
+func (notTextProcessorModel) Forward(ml.Context, input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}
+
+func (notTextProcessorModel) Backend() ml.Backend {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}
+
+func (notTextProcessorModel) Config() config {
+	panic("unimplemented")
 }
--- a/model/models/bert/model.go
+++ b/model/models/bert/model.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 		hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, &m.Options)
 	}

-	hiddenStates = m.poolingType.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	hiddenStates = pooling.Pooling(ctx, hiddenStates, m.poolingType)
 	if m.normalize {
 		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.L2Norm(ctx, 1e-12)
 	}
--- a/model/models/deepseek2/model.go
+++ b/model/models/deepseek2/model.go
@@ -1,324 +0,0 @@
-package deepseek2
-
-// uses deepseek 2 architecture but written based on deepseek 3 model
-
-import (
-	"math"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/fast"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/rope"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
-)
-
-type Options struct {
-	numExpertsUsed      int
-	numExperts          int
-	normTopKProb        bool
-	routedScalingFactor float32
-
-	kvLoraRank,
-	qkNopeHeadDim,
-	qkRopeHeadDim,
-	kqNopeHeadDim,
-	qkHeadDim int
-	qLoraRank int
-	vHeadDim  int
-
-	hiddenSize,
-	numHeads,
-	numKVHeads,
-	keyLength,
-	valueLength,
-	originalContextLength int
-
-	eps,
-	ropeBase,
-	ropeScale float32
-	kqScale float64
-}
-
-func (o Options) RoPEOptions() []func(*rope.Options) {
-	attnFactor := float32(1.0 / (1.0 + 0.1*math.Log(float64(o.ropeScale))))
-	return []func(*rope.Options){
-		rope.WithOriginalContextLength(o.originalContextLength),
-		rope.WithExtrapolationFactor(1.),
-		rope.WithAttentionFactor(attnFactor),
-	}
-}
-
-type Attention struct {
-	Q *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_q"`
-
-	QA     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_q_a"`
-	QANorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_q_a_norm"`
-	QB     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_q_b"`
-
-	KVA     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_kv_a_mqa"`
-	KVANorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_kv_a_norm"`
-	KVB     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_kv_b"`
-
-	Output *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_out,alt:attn_output"`
-}
-
-func (attn *Attention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions ml.Tensor, cache kvcache.Cache, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	seqLength := hiddenStates.Dim(1)
-
-	var query ml.Tensor
-	if opts.qLoraRank == 0 { // nil {
-		query = attn.Q.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-	} else {
-		query = attn.QA.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-		query = attn.QANorm.Forward(ctx, query, opts.eps)
-		query = attn.QB.Forward(ctx, query)
-	}
-
-	query = query.Reshape(ctx, query.Dim(0)/opts.numHeads, opts.numHeads, seqLength)
-
-	qPass := query.View(ctx, 0,
-		opts.qkNopeHeadDim, query.Stride(1),
-		query.Dim(1), query.Stride(2),
-		query.Dim(2))
-
-	qRot := query.View(ctx, opts.qkNopeHeadDim*query.Stride(0),
-		opts.qkRopeHeadDim, query.Stride(1),
-		query.Dim(1), query.Stride(2),
-		query.Dim(2))
-
-	compressedKV := attn.KVA.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-
-	kPass := compressedKV.View(ctx, 0, opts.kvLoraRank, compressedKV.Stride(1), compressedKV.Dim(1))
-	kRot := compressedKV.View(ctx, opts.kvLoraRank*compressedKV.Stride(0),
-		opts.qkRopeHeadDim, compressedKV.Stride(1),
-		1, compressedKV.Stride(1),
-		compressedKV.Dim(1))
-
-	kPass = attn.KVANorm.Forward(ctx, kPass, opts.eps)
-	kPass = attn.KVB.Forward(ctx, kPass)
-
-	kv := kPass.Reshape(ctx, kPass.Dim(0)/opts.numKVHeads, opts.numKVHeads, seqLength)
-	kPass = kv.View(ctx, 0, opts.kqNopeHeadDim, kv.Stride(1), kv.Dim(1), kv.Stride(2), kv.Dim(2))
-	value := kv.View(ctx, opts.kqNopeHeadDim*kv.Stride(0),
-		opts.vHeadDim, kv.Stride(1),
-		kv.Dim(1), kv.Stride(2),
-		kv.Dim(2)).Contiguous(ctx)
-
-	qRot = fast.RoPE(ctx, qRot, positions, opts.qkRopeHeadDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, opts.RoPEOptions()...)
-	kRot = fast.RoPE(ctx, kRot, positions, opts.qkRopeHeadDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, opts.RoPEOptions()...)
-
-	kRot = kRot.Repeat(ctx, 1, qPass.Dim(1))
-
-	query = qRot.Concat(ctx, qPass, 0)
-	key := kRot.Concat(ctx, kPass, 0)
-
-	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, opts.kqScale, cache)
-	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, attention.Dim(0)*attention.Dim(1), seqLength)
-	return attn.Output.Forward(ctx, attention)
-}
-
-type MLP interface {
-	Forward(ml.Context, ml.Tensor, *Options) ml.Tensor
-}
-
-type sparse struct {
-	Router       *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_inp"`
-	Gate         *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
-	Up           *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
-	Down         *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
-	SharedExpert *dense     `gguf:",suf:_shexp"`
-	ExpProbsBias ml.Tensor  `gguf:"exp_probs_b.bias,alt:exp_probs_b"`
-}
-
-func (moe *sparse) Moe(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, topKIndices, topKWeights ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Reshape(ctx, hiddenStates.Dim(0), 1, hiddenStates.Dim(1))
-
-	upStates := moe.Up.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, topKIndices)
-	hiddenStates = moe.Gate.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, topKIndices)
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.SILU(ctx, upStates)
-
-	experts := moe.Down.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, topKIndices)
-	experts = experts.Mul(ctx, topKWeights)
-	nextStates := experts.View(ctx, 0, experts.Dim(0), experts.Stride(2), experts.Dim(2))
-	for i := 1; i < opts.numExpertsUsed; i++ {
-		nextStates = nextStates.Add(ctx, experts.View(ctx, i*experts.Stride(1), experts.Dim(0), experts.Stride(2), experts.Dim(2)))
-	}
-	return nextStates
-}
-
-func (moe *sparse) topKIndices(ctx ml.Context, scores ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	scores = scores.Add(ctx, moe.ExpProbsBias)
-	topKIndices := scores.TopK(ctx, opts.numExpertsUsed)
-	return topKIndices
-}
-
-func (moe *sparse) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	residuals := hiddenStates
-
-	routerLogits := moe.Router.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-	scores := routerLogits.Sigmoid(ctx)
-	topKIndices := moe.topKIndices(ctx, scores, opts)
-	topKWeights := scores.Reshape(ctx, 1, opts.numExperts, hiddenStates.Dim(1)).Rows(ctx, topKIndices)
-
-	if opts.normTopKProb {
-		topKWeights = topKWeights.Reshape(ctx, opts.numExpertsUsed, hiddenStates.Dim(1))
-		topKWeights = topKWeights.Div(ctx, topKWeights.SumRows(ctx))
-		topKWeights = topKWeights.Reshape(ctx, 1, opts.numExpertsUsed, hiddenStates.Dim(1))
-	}
-
-	topKWeights = topKWeights.Scale(ctx, float64(opts.routedScalingFactor))
-	hiddenStates = moe.Moe(ctx, hiddenStates, topKIndices, topKWeights, opts)
-	sharedExpertResult := moe.SharedExpert.Forward(ctx, residuals, opts)
-
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Add(ctx, sharedExpertResult)
-	return hiddenStates
-}
-
-type dense struct {
-	Gate *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate"`
-	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up"`
-	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down"`
-}
-
-func (mlp *dense) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
-	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-}
-
-type Layer struct {
-	AttentionNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_norm"`
-	Attention     *Attention
-
-	MLPNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"ffn_norm"`
-	MLP     MLP
-}
-
-func (t *Layer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions, outputs ml.Tensor, cache kvcache.Cache, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	residual := hiddenStates
-	hiddenStates = t.AttentionNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, opts.eps)
-	hiddenStates = t.Attention.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positions, cache, opts)
-
-	if outputs != nil {
-		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Rows(ctx, outputs)
-		residual = residual.Rows(ctx, outputs)
-	}
-
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Add(ctx, residual)
-	residual = hiddenStates
-
-	hiddenStates = t.MLPNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, opts.eps)
-	hiddenStates = t.MLP.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, opts)
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Add(ctx, residual)
-	return hiddenStates
-}
-
-type Model struct {
-	model.Base
-	model.BytePairEncoding
-
-	TokenEmbedding *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_embd"`
-	Layers         []Layer       `gguf:"blk"`
-
-	OutputNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"output_norm"`
-	Output     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"output,alt:token_embd"`
-
-	*Options
-}
-
-func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
-	layers := make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count"))
-
-	firstDenseLayerIndex := int(c.Uint("leading_dense_block_count"))
-	for i := range layers {
-		if i < firstDenseLayerIndex {
-			layers[i].MLP = &dense{}
-		} else {
-			layers[i].MLP = &sparse{}
-		}
-	}
-
-	mScale := float32(1.0 + float64(c.Float("rope.scaling.yarn_log_multiplier"))*math.Log(float64(c.Float("rope.scaling.factor"))))
-	kqScale := float64(mScale) * float64(mScale) / math.Sqrt(float64(c.Uint("attention.key_length")))
-
-	m := Model{
-		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			&model.Vocabulary{
-				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
-				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
-				Merges: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.merges"),
-				AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
-				BOS:    []int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"))},
-				AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
-				EOS: append(
-					[]int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"))},
-					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
-				),
-			},
-			// Split regex into multiple parts (according to DeepSeek3's regex)
-			"\\p{N}{1,3}",
-			`[一-龥぀-ゟ゠-ヿ]+`,
-			"[!\"#$%&'()*+,\\-./:;<=>?@\\[\\\\\\]^_`{|}~][A-Za-z]+|[^\r\n\\p{L}\\p{P}\\p{S}]?[\\p{L}\\p{M}]+| ?[\\p{P}\\p{S}]+[\r\n]*|\\s*[\r\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
-		),
-		Layers: layers,
-		Options: &Options{
-			hiddenSize:     int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
-			numHeads:       int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
-			numKVHeads:     int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
-			keyLength:      int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
-			valueLength:    int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
-			eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
-			ropeBase:       c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
-			numExperts:     int(c.Uint("expert_count")),
-			numExpertsUsed: int(c.Uint("expert_used_count")),
-			normTopKProb:   c.Bool("expert_weights_norm", true),
-
-			qLoraRank:     int(c.Uint("attention.q_lora_rank")), //&qLoraRankVal,
-			kvLoraRank:    int(c.Uint("attention.kv_lora_rank")),
-			qkHeadDim:     int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
-			vHeadDim:      int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
-			qkRopeHeadDim: int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
-			qkNopeHeadDim: int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")) - int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
-			kqNopeHeadDim: int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")) - int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
-
-			routedScalingFactor:   c.Float("expert_weights_scale"),
-			originalContextLength: int(c.Uint("rope.scaling.original_context_length")),
-
-			kqScale: kqScale,
-		},
-	}
-
-	m.Cache = kvcache.NewCausalCache(m.Shift)
-	return &m, nil
-}
-
-func (m Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.qkRopeHeadDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, m.RoPEOptions()...), nil
-}
-
-func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
-
-	hiddenStates := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs)
-
-	for i, layer := range m.Layers {
-		m.Cache.SetLayer(i)
-
-		var outputs ml.Tensor
-		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
-			outputs = batch.Outputs
-		}
-
-		hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positions, outputs, m.Cache, m.Options)
-	}
-
-	hiddenStates = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps)
-	return m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates), nil
-}
-
-func init() {
-	model.Register("deepseek2", New)
-}
--- a/model/models/gemma2/model.go
+++ b/model/models/gemma2/model.go
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 			attnValLen:        int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
 			eps:               c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:          c.Float("rope.freq_base", 10000.0),
-			ropeScale:         c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1.0),
+			ropeScale:         c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),
 			attnLogitSoftcap:  c.Float("attn_logit_softcapping"),
 			finalLogitSoftcap: c.Float("final_logit_softcapping"),
 		},
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten

 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	if opts.largeModelScaling {
 		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.hiddenSize/opts.numHeads)))
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten

 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 }

 func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.Options.attnKeyLen, m.Options.ropeBase, 1/m.Options.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.Options.attnKeyLen, m.Options.ropeBase, m.Options.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }

 type MLP struct {
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }

--- a/model/models/gemma3/embed.go
+++ b/model/models/gemma3/embed.go
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ type embedModel struct {

 func (m *embedModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	hiddenStates := m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch, m.Cache)
-	hiddenStates = m.poolingType.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	hiddenStates = pooling.Pooling(ctx, hiddenStates, m.poolingType)
 	for _, dense := range m.Dense {
 		hiddenStates = dense.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	}
--- a/model/models/gemma3/model_text.go
+++ b/model/models/gemma3/model_text.go
@@ -53,10 +53,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon", 1e-06),
 			ropeLocalBase:  c.Float("rope.local.freq_base", 10000.0),
 			ropeGlobalBase: c.Float("rope.global.freq_base", 1000000.0),
-			ropeScale:      1,
-			// NOTE: the rope.scaling.factor is set incorrectly in the official QAT weights
-			//       (8 instead of 1)
-			// ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1.0),
+			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),
 		},
 	}

@@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, layer int, hiddenState, pos
 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
 	q = sa.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, q, opts.eps)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	if opts.largeModelScaling {
 		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.hiddenSize/opts.numHeads)))
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, layer int, hiddenState, pos
 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
 	k = sa.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, k, opts.eps)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.T
 		ropeBase = m.TextConfig.ropeGlobalBase
 	}

-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.TextConfig.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, 1/m.TextConfig.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.TextConfig.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, m.TextConfig.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }

 type TextMLP struct {
@@ -126,7 +123,7 @@ type TextMLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp *TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextConfig) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }

--- a/model/models/gemma3n/model_text.go
+++ b/model/models/gemma3n/model_text.go
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.T
 		ropeBase = m.ropeBaseLocal
 	}

-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }

 type TextScaledWordEmbedding struct {
@@ -170,7 +170,8 @@ func (d TextLayer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, perLayerInput, position
 	}

 	active = d.PerLayerInputGate.Forward(ctx, active)
-	active = active.GELU(ctx, perLayerInput)
+	active = active.GELU(ctx)
+	active = active.Mul(ctx, perLayerInput)

 	active = d.PerLayerProjection.Forward(ctx, active)
 	active = d.PostPerLayerNorm.Forward(ctx, active, opts.eps)
@@ -256,14 +257,14 @@ func (attn TextAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions ml.Ten
 	query := attn.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	query = query.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), opts.numHeads, batchSize)
 	query = attn.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, query, opts.eps)
-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	var key, value ml.Tensor
 	if !sharedKV {
 		key = attn.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 		key = key.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
 		key = attn.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, key, opts.eps)
-		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 		value = attn.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 		value = value.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ func (mlp TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, activationSpa
 		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Sub(ctx, cutoff).RELU(ctx)
 	}

-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.GELU(ctx, upStates)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, upStates)
 	hiddenStates = mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	return hiddenStates
 }
@@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			eps:           c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon", 1e-06),
 			ropeBase:      c.Float("rope.freq_base", 1_000_000),
 			ropeBaseLocal: c.Float("rope.freq_base_local", 10_000),
-			ropeScale:     c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1.0),
+			ropeScale:     c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),

 			slidingWindowPattern:    c.Bools("attention.sliding_window_pattern"),
 			activationSparsityScale: c.Floats("activation_sparsity_scale"),
--- a/model/models/gptoss/model.go
+++ b/model/models/gptoss/model.go
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ func (mlp *MLPBlock) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, one ml.Tensor, opts *
 		up = mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
 	}

-	hiddenStates = gate.SILUAlphaLimit(ctx, up, 1.702, 7)
+	hiddenStates = gate.SwiGLU(ctx, up, 1.702, 7)

 	experts := mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
 	experts = experts.Mul(ctx, routingWeights)
@@ -227,6 +227,17 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Transformer{
 		TransformerBlocks: make([]TransformerBlock, c.Uint("block_count")),
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer",
+				strings.Join([]string{
+					`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
+					`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
+					`\p{N}{1,3}`,
+					` ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*`,
+					`\s*[\r\n]+`,
+					`\s+(?!\S)`,
+					`\s+`,
+				}, "|"),
+			),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -239,15 +250,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
-			strings.Join([]string{
-				`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
-				`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
-				`\p{N}{1,3}`,
-				` ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*`,
-				`\s*[\r\n]+`,
-				`\s+(?!\S)`,
-				`\s+`,
-			}, "|"),
 		),
 		Options: Options{
 			hiddenSize:            int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
--- a/model/models/llama/model.go
+++ b/model/models/llama/model.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package llama

 import (
 	"cmp"
+	"fmt"
 	"math"

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
@@ -22,80 +23,51 @@ type Options struct {

 type Model struct {
 	model.Base
-	model.TextProcessor
+	model.BytePairEncoding

 	TokenEmbedding *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_embd"`
 	Layers         []Layer       `gguf:"blk"`
 	OutputNorm     *nn.RMSNorm   `gguf:"output_norm"`
 	Output         *nn.Linear    `gguf:"output,alt:token_embd"`

-	Options
+	*Options
 }

 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
-	if c.Uint("expert_count") > 0 {
-		// TODO: support mixtures of experts
-		return nil, model.ErrUnsupportedModel
+	// This model currently only supports the gpt2 tokenizer
+	if c.String("tokenizer.ggml.model") == "llama" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported tokenizer: llama")
 	}
-
-	var processor model.TextProcessor
-	vocabulary := model.Vocabulary{
-		Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
-		Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
-		Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
-		Merges: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.merges"),
-		AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
-		BOS:    []int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"))},
-		AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
-		EOS: append(
-			[]int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"))},
-			c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
-		),
+	// Best effort detection of library/deepseek-coder model(s) which are incompatible
+	if c.String("general.name") == "deepseek-ai" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported model: %s", c.String("general.name"))
 	}
-	switch c.String("tokenizer.ggml.model") {
-	case "gpt2":
-		var pretokenizers []string
-		switch c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pre") {
-		case "default":
-			// no-op use the default bpe pretokenizer
-		case "qwen2":
-			pretokenizers = []string{
-				"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
-			}
-		case "refact":
-			pretokenizers = []string{
-				`\p{N}`,
-				`'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d| ?\p{L}+| ?\p{N}+| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
-			}
-		case "tekken":
-			pretokenizers = []string{
-				"[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?[\\p{Lu}\\p{Lt}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]*[\\p{Ll}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]+|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?[\\p{Lu}\\p{Lt}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]+[\\p{Ll}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]*|\\p{N}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n/]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
-			}
-		default:
-			// use a llama-style pretokenizer
-			pretokenizers = []string{
-				"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
-			}
-		}
-		processor = model.NewBytePairEncoding(&vocabulary, pretokenizers...)
-	case "llama":
-		processor = model.NewSentencePiece(&vocabulary)
-	default:
-		return nil, model.ErrUnsupportedTokenizer
-	}
-
 	m := Model{
-		TextProcessor: processor,
-		Layers:        make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count")),
-		Options: Options{
+		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
+			&model.Vocabulary{
+				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
+				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
+				Merges: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.merges"),
+				AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
+				BOS:    []int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"))},
+				AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
+				EOS: append(
+					[]int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"))},
+					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
+				),
+			},
+		),
+		Layers: make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count")),
+		Options: &Options{
 			hiddenSize: int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
 			numHeads:   int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
 			numKVHeads: int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
 			headDim:    int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
 			ropeDim:    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			eps:        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
-			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base", 1e5),
-			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
+			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
+			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
 		},
 	}

@@ -126,8 +98,8 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.Tenso
 	value := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)

-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))

 	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(headDim)), cache)
 	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, headDim*opts.numHeads, batchSize)
@@ -136,7 +108,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.Tenso

 func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	ropeDim := cmp.Or(m.ropeDim, m.hiddenSize/m.numHeads)
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
 }

 type MLP struct {
@@ -146,7 +118,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }

@@ -191,7 +163,7 @@ func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 			outputs = batch.Outputs
 		}

-		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, positions, outputs, m.Cache, &m.Options)
+		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, positions, outputs, m.Cache, m.Options)
 	}

 	hiddenState = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, m.eps)
--- a/model/models/llama4/model.go
+++ b/model/models/llama4/model.go
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ func (p *Projector) Forward(ctx ml.Context, visionOutputs ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer",
+				`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -46,7 +48,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
-			`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		ImageProcessor: newImageProcessor(c),
 		VisionModel:    newVisionModel(c),
--- a/model/models/llama4/model_text.go
+++ b/model/models/llama4/model_text.go
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ func (sa *TextAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions, attent
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)

 	if useRope {
-		query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
-		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+		query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
 	}

 	if opts.useQKNorm {
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ type TextMLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp *TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }

 type TextExperts struct {
-	Gate *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
-	Up   *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
-	Down *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
+	Gate *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
+	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
+	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
 }

 func (e *TextExperts) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, routerLogits ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ func (e *TextExperts) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, routerLogits ml.Tens
 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Repeat(ctx, 1, opts.numExpertsUsed)
 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Mul(ctx, scores)

-	upStates := e.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
-	gateStates := e.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
-	downStates := e.Down.Forward(ctx, upStates.Mul(ctx, gateStates.SILU(ctx)), experts)
+	upStates := e.Up.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
+	gateStates := e.Gate.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
+	downStates := e.Down.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, upStates.Mul(ctx, gateStates.SILU(ctx)), experts)

 	nextStates := downStates.View(ctx, 0, hiddenStates.Dim(0), downStates.Stride(2), hiddenStates.Dim(2))
 	for i := 1; i < opts.numExpertsUsed; i++ {
@@ -88,10 +88,22 @@ func (e *TextExperts) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, routerLogits ml.Tens
 	return nextStates
 }

+// TextSharedExpert is TextMLP with different tensor names
+type TextSharedExpert struct {
+	Gate *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_shexp"`
+	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up_shexp"`
+	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down_shexp"`
+}
+
+func (mlp *TextSharedExpert) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+}
+
 type TextMOE struct {
 	Router       *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_inp"`
 	Experts      *TextExperts
-	SharedExpert *TextMLP `gguf:",suf:_shexp"`
+	SharedExpert *TextSharedExpert
 }

 func (moe *TextMOE) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
@@ -184,7 +196,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			numExpertsUsed:             int(c.Uint("expert_used_count")),
 			ropeDim:                    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			ropeBase:                   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:                  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
+			ropeScale:                  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
 			eps:                        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			interleaveLayerStep:        int(c.Uint("interleave_moe_layer_step", 1)),
 			noRopeInterval:             int(c.Uint("no_rope_interval", 4)),
@@ -236,5 +248,5 @@ func (m *TextModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, inputs, positions, outputs ml.Tensor
 }

 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].Attention.RopeFactors)), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].Attention.RopeFactors)), nil
 }
--- a/model/models/mistral3/model.go
+++ b/model/models/mistral3/model.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ var _ model.TextProcessor = (*Model)(nil)
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := &Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -45,7 +46,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
-			`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		TextModel:           newTextModel(c),
 		VisionModel:         newVisionModel(c),
--- a/model/models/mistral3/model_text.go
+++ b/model/models/mistral3/model_text.go
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten

 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale)
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)

 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale)
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)

 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 }

 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale), nil
 }

 type MLP struct {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			ropeDim:    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			eps:        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
+			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
 		},
 	}
 }
--- a/model/models/mistral3/model_vision.go
+++ b/model/models/mistral3/model_vision.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ type VisionMLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp *VisionMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *VisionModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }

--- a/model/models/mllama/model.go
+++ b/model/models/mllama/model.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ const (
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -45,7 +46,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
-			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		ImageProcessor: newImageProcessor(c),
 		VisionModel:    newVisionModel(c),
--- a/model/models/mllama/model_text.go
+++ b/model/models/mllama/model_text.go
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.T

 	query := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	query = query.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))

 	key := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	key = key.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))

 	value := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.T
 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	// This will only get called for layers in the cache, which are just the self attention layers
 	if sa, ok := m.Transformer.Layers[layer].(*TextSelfAttentionDecoderLayer); ok {
-		return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
+		return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
 	}

 	return key, nil
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ type TextMLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp *TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }

@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			ropeDim:              int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			eps:                  c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:             c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:            c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
+			ropeScale:            c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
 			crossAttentionLayers: c.Ints("attention.cross_attention_layers"),
 		},
 	}
--- a/model/models/models.go
+++ b/model/models/models.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package models

 import (
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/bert"
-	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/deepseek2"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma2"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma3"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma3n"
--- a/model/models/qwen2/model.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen2/model.go
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ func (attn Attention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions ml.Tensor,
 	value := attn.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)

-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(headDim)), cache)
 	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, headDim*opts.numHeads, batchSize)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }

 func (mlp MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (m Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {

 func (m Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	ropeDim := cmp.Or(m.ropeDim, m.hiddenSize/m.numHeads)
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }

 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
 		Layers: make([]DecoderLayer, c.Uint("block_count")),
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -151,7 +152,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
-			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		Options: Options{
 			hiddenSize: int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 			headDim:    int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
 			ropeDim:    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
+			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
 			eps:        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 		},
 	}
--- a/model/models/qwen25vl/model.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen25vl/model.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ var _ model.MultimodalProcessor = (*Model)(nil)
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := &Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -41,7 +42,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
-			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		TextModel:      NewTextModel(c),
 		VisionModel:    newVisionModel(c),
--- a/model/models/qwen25vl/model_text.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen25vl/model_text.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func NewTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			originalContextLength: int(c.Uint("context_length", 128000)),
 			eps:                   c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:              c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:             c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
+			ropeScale:             c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
 		},
 	}

@@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten

 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten

 // Shift applies rotary position embeddings to the key tensor for causal attention caching
 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(m.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(m.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }

 // MLP implements the feed-forward network component with SwiGLU activation
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ type MLP struct {

 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
 	// Apply SwiGLU activation gating
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	// Project back to hidden dimension
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }
--- a/model/models/qwen25vl/model_vision.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen25vl/model_vision.go
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ type VisionMLP struct {
 func (mlp *VisionMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *VisionModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
 	// Using activation as specified in config (likely GELU or SiLU/Swish)
 	gateOutput := mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-	hiddenStates = gateOutput.SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	upOutput := mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	hiddenStates = gateOutput.SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, upOutput)

 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }
--- a/model/models/qwen3/embed.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen3/embed.go
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-package qwen3
-
-import (
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
-)
-
-type embedModel struct {
-	model.Base
-	model.BytePairEncoding
-
-	*Model
-	poolingType pooling.Type
-}
-
-func (m *embedModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	hiddenStates, err := m.forward(ctx, batch)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	hiddenStates = m.poolingType.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.L2Norm(ctx, 1e-12)
-	return hiddenStates, nil
-}
-
-func newEmbed(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
-	layers := make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count"))
-	for i := range layers {
-		layers[i].MLP = &dense{}
-	}
-	m := embedModel{
-		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			&model.Vocabulary{
-				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
-				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
-				Merges: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.merges"),
-				AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
-				BOS:    []int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"))},
-				AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
-				EOS: append(
-					[]int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"))},
-					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
-				),
-			},
-			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
-		),
-		Model: &Model{
-			Layers: layers,
-			Options: &Options{
-				hiddenSize:     int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
-				numHeads:       int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
-				numKVHeads:     int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
-				keyLength:      int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
-				valueLength:    int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
-				eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
-				ropeBase:       c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-				ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
-				numExperts:     int(c.Uint("expert_count")),
-				numExpertsUsed: int(c.Uint("expert_used_count")),
-				normTopKProb:   c.Bool("norm_top_k_prob", true),
-			},
-		},
-		poolingType: pooling.Type(c.Uint("pooling_type")),
-	}
-
-	m.Cache = kvcache.NewCausalCache(m.Shift)
-	return &m, nil
-}
--- a/model/models/qwen3/model.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen3/model.go
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ func (o Options) headDim() int {
 }

 type Attention struct {
-	Query     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_q"`
 	QueryNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_q_norm"`
-	Key       *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	Query     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_q"`
 	KeyNorm   *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_k_norm"`
+	Key       *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_k"`
 	Value     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_v"`
 	Output    *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_output"`
 }
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ func (sa *Attention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions ml.Tensor,
 	query = sa.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, query, opts.eps)
 	key = sa.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, key, opts.eps)

-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())

 	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1./math.Sqrt(float64(opts.headDim())), cache)
 	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, attention.Dim(0)*attention.Dim(1), batchSize)
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ type MLP interface {
 }

 type sparse struct {
-	Router *nn.Linear      `gguf:"ffn_gate_inp"`
-	Gate   *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
-	Up     *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
-	Down   *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
+	Router *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_inp"`
+	Gate   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
+	Up     *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
+	Down   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
 }

 func (mlp *sparse) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
@@ -87,9 +87,13 @@ func (mlp *sparse) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options

 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Reshape(ctx, hiddenStates.Dim(0), 1, hiddenStates.Dim(1))

-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts))
+	upStates := mlp.Up.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)

-	experts := mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.SILU(ctx)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Mul(ctx, upStates)
+
+	experts := mlp.Down.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
 	experts = experts.Mul(ctx, routingWeights)

 	nextStates := experts.View(ctx, 0, experts.Dim(0), experts.Stride(2), experts.Dim(2))
@@ -107,8 +111,7 @@ type dense struct {
 }

 func (mlp *dense) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, _ *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).
-		SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }

@@ -151,25 +154,14 @@ type Model struct {
 	*Options
 }

-func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	hiddenStates, err := m.forward(ctx, batch)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates), nil
-}
-
 // Forward implements model.Model.
-func (m *Model) forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))

 	hiddenStates := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs)

 	for i, layer := range m.Layers {
-		if m.Cache != nil {
-			m.Cache.SetLayer(i)
-		}
+		m.Cache.SetLayer(i)

 		var outputs ml.Tensor
 		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
@@ -179,11 +171,12 @@ func (m *Model) forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 		hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positions, outputs, m.Cache, m.Options)
 	}

-	return m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps), nil
+	hiddenStates = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps)
+	return m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates), nil
 }

 func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }

 var _ model.Model = (*Model)(nil)
@@ -200,6 +193,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {

 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -212,7 +206,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
-			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		Layers: layers,
 		Options: &Options{
@@ -223,7 +216,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 			valueLength:    int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
 			eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:       c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
+			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
 			numExperts:     int(c.Uint("expert_count")),
 			numExpertsUsed: int(c.Uint("expert_used_count")),
 			normTopKProb:   c.Bool("norm_top_k_prob", true),
@@ -237,5 +230,4 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 func init() {
 	model.Register("qwen3", New)
 	model.Register("qwen3moe", New)
-	model.Register("qwen3_embed", newEmbed)
 }
--- a/model/parsers/parsers.go
+++ b/model/parsers/parsers.go
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-package parsers
-
-import (
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/harmony"
-)
-
-type Parser interface {
-	// Init initializes the parser with tools and optional last message for chat prefill
-	// Returns processed tools if the parser needs to modify them (e.g., harmony renames them)
-	Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool
-	// Add processes streamed content and returns parsed content, thinking, and tool calls
-	// The done flag indicates if this is the last chunk (used for draining accumulators)
-	Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error)
-	HasToolSupport() bool
-	HasThinkingSupport() bool
-}
-
-func ParserForName(name string) Parser {
-	switch name {
-	case "qwen3-coder":
-		parser := &Qwen3CoderParser{}
-		return parser
-	case "passthrough":
-		return &PassthroughParser{}
-	case "harmony":
-		return harmony.NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-type PassthroughParser struct{}
-
-func (p *PassthroughParser) Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool {
-	return tools // passthrough doesn't modify tools
-}
-
-func (p *PassthroughParser) Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error) {
-	return s, "", nil, nil
-}
-
-func (p *PassthroughParser) HasToolSupport() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
-func (p *PassthroughParser) HasThinkingSupport() bool {
-	return false
-}
--- a/model/parsers/qwen3coder.go
+++ b/model/parsers/qwen3coder.go
@@ -1,463 +0,0 @@
-package parsers
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"encoding/xml"
-	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
-	"math"
-	"regexp"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"unicode"
-	"unicode/utf8"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
-)
-
-type qwenParserState int
-
-const (
-	toolOpenTag  = "<tool_call>"
-	toolCloseTag = "</tool_call>"
-)
-
-const (
-	qwenParserState_LookingForToolStart qwenParserState = iota
-	qwenParserState_CollectingToolContent
-)
-
-type Qwen3CoderParser struct {
-	state qwenParserState
-	acc   strings.Builder
-	tools []api.Tool
-}
-
-func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) HasToolSupport() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) HasThinkingSupport() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
-func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool {
-	p.tools = tools
-	return tools // Qwen doesn't modify tools
-}
-
-func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error) {
-	p.acc.WriteString(s)
-
-	events := p.parseEvents()
-
-	var toolCalls []api.ToolCall
-	var sb strings.Builder
-	for _, event := range events {
-		switch event := event.(type) {
-		case qwenEventRawToolCall:
-			toolCall, err := parseToolCall(event, p.tools)
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("qwen tool call parsing failed", "error", err)
-				return "", "", nil, err
-			}
-			toolCalls = append(toolCalls, toolCall)
-		case qwenEventContent:
-			// TODO(drifkin): if the same turn contains multiple interleaved content
-			// events, we naively append them together here. See the note below about
-			// `qwenEvent`s for more details
-			sb.WriteString(event.content)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return sb.String(), "", toolCalls, nil
-}
-
-func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) parseEvents() []qwenEvent {
-	var all []qwenEvent
-
-	keepLooping := true
-	for keepLooping {
-		var events []qwenEvent
-		events, keepLooping = eat(p)
-		if len(events) > 0 {
-			all = append(all, events...)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if len(all) > 0 {
-		slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "qwen events parsed", "events", all, "state", p.state, "acc", p.acc.String())
-	}
-
-	return all
-}
-
-// we use some internal event types in order to communicate between `Add` and
-// `eat`. We do this to support interleaving content and parallel tool calls in
-// the parser, even though qwen3-coder isn't supposed to do this. Our API
-// doesn't currently support models outputting multiple messages in a turn, so
-// we wouldn't be able to represent it yet, but there's no reason to prevent the
-// parser from supporting it, especially for future models if they end up using
-// a similar format.
-type qwenEvent interface {
-	isQwenEvent()
-}
-
-type qwenEventRawToolCall struct {
-	raw string
-}
-
-type qwenEventContent struct {
-	content string
-}
-
-func (qwenEventContent) isQwenEvent()     {}
-func (qwenEventRawToolCall) isQwenEvent() {}
-
-// eat consumes the parser's buffer, and returns a list of any unambiguous
-// events from the current parser state. If the parser transitions to another
-// state, it may have additional events to emit on the next call, which is what
-// the second return value indicates
-func eat(p *Qwen3CoderParser) ([]qwenEvent, bool) {
-	var events []qwenEvent
-
-	switch p.state {
-	case qwenParserState_LookingForToolStart:
-		if strings.Contains(p.acc.String(), toolOpenTag) {
-			// we found a full tool open tag, so we can emit the content before the
-			// tag, being sure to trim any trailing whitespace
-			split := strings.SplitN(p.acc.String(), toolOpenTag, 2)
-			before := split[0]
-			before = strings.TrimRightFunc(before, unicode.IsSpace)
-			if len(before) > 0 {
-				events = append(events, qwenEventContent{content: before})
-			}
-			after := split[1]
-			p.acc.Reset()
-			p.acc.WriteString(after)
-			p.state = qwenParserState_CollectingToolContent
-			return events, true
-		} else if overlap := overlap(p.acc.String(), toolOpenTag); overlap > 0 {
-			// we found a partial tool open tag, so we can emit the unambiguous part,
-			// which is the (trailing-whitespace trimmed) content before the partial
-			// tool open tag
-			beforePartialTag := p.acc.String()[:len(p.acc.String())-overlap]
-			trailingWhitespaceLen := trailingWhitespaceLen(beforePartialTag)
-			ambiguousStart := len(beforePartialTag) - trailingWhitespaceLen
-			unambiguous := p.acc.String()[:ambiguousStart]
-			ambiguous := p.acc.String()[ambiguousStart:]
-			p.acc.Reset()
-			p.acc.WriteString(ambiguous)
-			events = append(events, qwenEventContent{content: unambiguous})
-			return events, false
-		} else {
-			// we found content that is entirely not a tool call. We should withhold
-			// any trailing whitespace in case this is the end of the content
-			whitespaceLen := trailingWhitespaceLen(p.acc.String())
-			ambiguousStart := len(p.acc.String()) - whitespaceLen
-			unambiguous := p.acc.String()[:ambiguousStart]
-			ambiguous := p.acc.String()[ambiguousStart:]
-			p.acc.Reset()
-			p.acc.WriteString(ambiguous)
-			if len(unambiguous) > 0 {
-				events = append(events, qwenEventContent{content: unambiguous})
-			}
-			return events, false
-		}
-	case qwenParserState_CollectingToolContent:
-		if strings.Contains(p.acc.String(), toolCloseTag) {
-			split := strings.SplitN(p.acc.String(), toolCloseTag, 2)
-			before := split[0]
-			if len(before) == 0 {
-				slog.Warn("qwen tool call closing tag found but no content before it")
-			}
-			// remove any whitespace between the tool call and any content after it
-			after := strings.TrimLeftFunc(split[1], unicode.IsSpace)
-			p.acc.Reset()
-			p.acc.WriteString(after)
-			events = append(events, qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: before})
-			p.state = qwenParserState_LookingForToolStart
-			return events, true
-		} else {
-			// note that we don't need to check the overlap here because we only plan
-			// on parsing the tool call once we see the full closing tag. We don't
-			// stream back the unparsed tool content, so there's no need to be eager
-			// here
-			return events, false
-		}
-	default:
-		panic("unreachable")
-	}
-}
-
-// TODO(drifkin): move this to a shared location
-// longest overlap between suffix of s and prefix of delim
-func overlap(s, delim string) int {
-	max := min(len(delim), len(s))
-	for i := max; i > 0; i-- {
-		if strings.HasSuffix(s, delim[:i]) {
-			return i
-		}
-	}
-	return 0
-}
-
-func trailingWhitespaceLen(s string) int {
-	remaining := s
-	total := 0
-	for len(remaining) > 0 {
-		r, size := utf8.DecodeLastRuneInString(remaining)
-		// if it's an invalid utf8 rune, assume it isn't whitespace
-		if r == utf8.RuneError && size == 1 {
-			break
-		}
-		if !unicode.IsSpace(r) {
-			break
-		}
-		total += size
-		remaining = remaining[:len(remaining)-size]
-	}
-	return total
-}
-
-type XMLFunctionCall struct {
-	XMLName    xml.Name       `xml:"function"`
-	Name       string         `xml:"name,attr"`
-	Parameters []XMLParameter `xml:"parameter"`
-}
-
-type XMLParameter struct {
-	Name  string `xml:"name,attr"`
-	Value string `xml:",chardata"`
-}
-
-// parseToolCall parses a raw tool call string into an api.ToolCall.
-// The raw string follows an xml-like format, here's an example:
-//
-// <function=get_current_temperature>
-// <parameter=location>
-// San Francisco
-// </parameter>
-// <parameter=unit>
-// celsius
-// </parameter>
-// </function>
-func parseToolCall(raw qwenEventRawToolCall, tools []api.Tool) (api.ToolCall, error) {
-	toolCall := api.ToolCall{}
-
-	xmlString := transformToXML(raw.raw)
-
-	var functionCall XMLFunctionCall
-	err := xml.Unmarshal([]byte(xmlString), &functionCall)
-	if err != nil {
-		return api.ToolCall{}, err
-	}
-
-	toolCall.Function = api.ToolCallFunction{
-		Name: functionCall.Name,
-	}
-
-	// Find the matching tool to get parameter types
-	var matchedTool *api.Tool
-	for i := range tools {
-		if tools[i].Function.Name == functionCall.Name {
-			matchedTool = &tools[i]
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	toolCall.Function.Arguments = make(api.ToolCallFunctionArguments)
-	for _, parameter := range functionCall.Parameters {
-		// Look up the parameter type if we found the tool
-		var paramType api.PropertyType
-		if matchedTool != nil && matchedTool.Function.Parameters.Properties != nil {
-			if prop, ok := matchedTool.Function.Parameters.Properties[parameter.Name]; ok {
-				paramType = prop.Type
-			}
-		}
-
-		toolCall.Function.Arguments[parameter.Name] = parseValue(parameter.Value, paramType)
-	}
-
-	return toolCall, nil
-}
-
-// parseValue converts a raw string value to the appropriate type based on the parameter type specification.
-//
-// For union types (multiple types in PropertyType, which we support but doesn't
-// seem as though the reference parser does type coercion with those types in
-// mind) we use a type precedence approach:
-// 1. null - checked first regardless of declared types (matches reference implementation)
-// 2. boolean - only "true"/"false" are valid booleans
-// 3. integer - must parse as a whole number
-// 4. number - must parse as numeric (returns int if no decimal part)
-// 5. array - must parse as valid JSON array
-// 6. object - must parse as valid JSON object
-// 7. string - always succeeds (least specific type)
-//
-// This precedence ensures we return the most specific type that successfully parses,
-// following the principle of least surprise. For example, with PropertyType{"string", "number"},
-// "123" becomes 123 (number), while "hello" becomes "hello" (string).
-func parseValue(raw string, paramType api.PropertyType) any {
-	// first remove a single leading newlines, and a single trailing newline (if
-	// they exist). This follows the reference implementation
-	raw = strings.TrimPrefix(raw, "\n")
-	raw = strings.TrimSuffix(raw, "\n")
-
-	// Check for null first (case-insensitive) - this takes precedence over any type
-	if strings.ToLower(raw) == "null" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// If no type is specified, default to string
-	if len(paramType) == 0 {
-		return raw
-	}
-
-	// Check if any of the specified types match, using type precedence
-	// Order: boolean -> integer -> number -> array -> object -> string
-	typeSet := make(map[string]bool)
-	for _, t := range paramType {
-		typeSet[t] = true
-	}
-
-	// Try boolean first (most restrictive)
-	if typeSet["boolean"] {
-		lower := strings.ToLower(raw)
-		switch lower {
-		case "true":
-			return true
-		case "false":
-			return false
-		}
-		// If not a valid boolean but boolean is the only type, return false (matching reference)
-		if len(paramType) == 1 {
-			return false
-		}
-		// Otherwise try other types
-	}
-
-	// Try integer
-	if typeSet["integer"] {
-		if i, err := strconv.ParseInt(raw, 10, 64); err == nil {
-			// Return as int if it fits in int32, otherwise int64
-			if i >= math.MinInt32 && i <= math.MaxInt32 {
-				return int(i)
-			}
-			return i
-		}
-		// If integer is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
-		if len(paramType) == 1 {
-			return raw
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Try number (float)
-	if typeSet["number"] {
-		if f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(raw, 64); err == nil {
-			// If the number has no decimal part, return as int (matching reference)
-			if f == math.Trunc(f) {
-				i := int64(f)
-				if i >= math.MinInt32 && i <= math.MaxInt32 {
-					return int(i)
-				}
-				return i
-			}
-			return f
-		}
-		// If number is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
-		if len(paramType) == 1 {
-			return raw
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Try array
-	if typeSet["array"] {
-		var arr []any
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &arr); err == nil {
-			return arr
-		}
-		// If array is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
-		if len(paramType) == 1 {
-			return raw
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Try object
-	if typeSet["object"] {
-		var obj map[string]any
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &obj); err == nil {
-			return obj
-		}
-		// If object is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
-		if len(paramType) == 1 {
-			return raw
-		}
-	}
-
-	// String always succeeds (or if "string" is in the type set)
-	if typeSet["string"] {
-		return raw
-	}
-
-	// If we get here, none of the types matched and string wasn't an option
-	// We return string as a fallback. The reference implementation will attempt
-	// to parse the value as a python literal, but we purposefully don't support
-	// that
-	return raw
-}
-
-var (
-	qwenTagRegex    = regexp.MustCompile(`<(\w+)=([^>]+)>`)
-	qwenXMLTagRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`</?(?:function|parameter)(?:\s+name="[^"]*")?>`)
-)
-
-// transformToXML transforms a raw qwen tool call with xml-like tags into valid
-// xml so that it can be parsed by any xml parser
-func transformToXML(raw string) string {
-	// take the form `<tag=abc>` and transform it to `<tag name="abc">`, taking
-	// care to properly escape the string that becomes the attribute value
-	transformed := qwenTagRegex.ReplaceAllStringFunc(raw, func(match string) string {
-		groups := qwenTagRegex.FindStringSubmatch(match)
-		tag := groups[1]
-		var escapedValue strings.Builder
-		xml.EscapeText(&escapedValue, []byte(groups[2]))
-		return fmt.Sprintf(`<%s name="%s">`, tag, escapedValue.String())
-	})
-
-	// Walk the resulting string, escaping any character data that sits between the
-	// xml tags we just emitted
-	var out strings.Builder
-	lastIdx := 0
-	for _, loc := range qwenXMLTagRegex.FindAllStringIndex(transformed, -1) {
-		if loc[0] > lastIdx {
-			escapeTextNode(&out, transformed[lastIdx:loc[0]])
-		}
-		out.WriteString(transformed[loc[0]:loc[1]])
-		lastIdx = loc[1]
-	}
-	if lastIdx < len(transformed) {
-		escapeTextNode(&out, transformed[lastIdx:])
-	}
-
-	return out.String()
-}
-
-// escapeTextNode escapes XML character data without altering other characters
-// like newlines or tabs (which is why we don't use xml.EscapeText for this)
-func escapeTextNode(sb *strings.Builder, s string) {
-	for _, r := range s {
-		switch r {
-		case '&':
-			sb.WriteString("&amp;")
-		case '<':
-			sb.WriteString("&lt;")
-		case '>':
-			sb.WriteString("&gt;")
-		default:
-			sb.WriteRune(r)
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/model/parsers/qwen3coder_test.go
+++ b/model/parsers/qwen3coder_test.go
--- a/model/renderers/qwen3coder.go
+++ b/model/renderers/qwen3coder.go
@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-package renderers
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"reflect"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-var (
-	imStartTag = "<|im_start|>"
-	imEndTag   = "<|im_end|>"
-)
-
-// renderAdditionalKeys renders all JSON fields except the ones in handledKeys
-// This follows the same approach from the reference implementation, which gives
-// a particular key ordering
-func renderAdditionalKeys(obj any, handledKeys map[string]bool) string {
-	data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	var m map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &m); err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	var sb strings.Builder
-	for key, value := range m {
-		if handledKeys[key] {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Check if value is a map or array (needs JSON serialization)
-		switch v := value.(type) {
-		case map[string]any, []any:
-			jsonBytes, _ := json.Marshal(v)
-			// TODO(drifkin): it would be nice to format the JSON here similarly to
-			// python's default json.dumps behavior (spaces after commas and colons).
-			// This would let us be byte-for-byte compatible with the reference
-			// implementation for most common inputs
-			jsonStr := string(jsonBytes)
-			sb.WriteString("\n<" + key + ">" + jsonStr + "</" + key + ">")
-		case nil:
-			continue
-		default:
-			// Simple types, convert to string
-			sb.WriteString("\n<" + key + ">" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", value) + "</" + key + ">")
-		}
-	}
-
-	return sb.String()
-}
-
-func Qwen3CoderRenderer(messages []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, _ *api.ThinkValue) (string, error) {
-	var sb strings.Builder
-
-	// filter out system messages and choose the first (if any) to win
-	var systemMessage string
-	var filteredMessages []api.Message
-	for _, message := range messages {
-		if message.Role != "system" {
-			filteredMessages = append(filteredMessages, message)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if systemMessage == "" {
-			systemMessage = message.Content
-		}
-	}
-
-	if systemMessage != "" || len(tools) > 0 {
-		sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "system\n")
-
-		// if we have tools but no system message, match the reference implementation by providing a default system message
-		if systemMessage == "" {
-			systemMessage = "You are Qwen, a helpful AI assistant that can interact with a computer to solve tasks."
-		}
-
-		sb.WriteString(systemMessage)
-
-		if len(tools) > 0 {
-			sb.WriteString("\n\n# Tools\n\nYou have access to the following functions:\n\n")
-			sb.WriteString("<tools>")
-			for _, tool := range tools {
-				sb.WriteString("\n")
-				sb.WriteString("<function>\n")
-				sb.WriteString("<name>" + tool.Function.Name + "</name>")
-				if tool.Function.Description != "" {
-					sb.WriteString("\n<description>" + tool.Function.Description + "</description>")
-				}
-				sb.WriteString("\n<parameters>")
-
-				for name, prop := range tool.Function.Parameters.Properties {
-					sb.WriteString("\n<parameter>")
-					sb.WriteString("\n<name>" + name + "</name>")
-
-					if len(prop.Type) > 0 {
-						// TODO(!!!)(drifkin): we should match the reference implementation for
-						// more complex types here instead of using this format
-						sb.WriteString("\n<type>" + prop.ToTypeScriptType() + "</type>")
-					}
-
-					if prop.Description != "" {
-						sb.WriteString("\n<description>" + prop.Description + "</description>")
-					}
-
-					// Render any additional keys not already handled
-					handledKeys := map[string]bool{
-						"type":        true,
-						"description": true,
-					}
-					sb.WriteString(renderAdditionalKeys(prop, handledKeys))
-
-					sb.WriteString("\n</parameter>")
-				}
-
-				// Render extra keys for parameters (everything except 'type' and 'properties')
-				paramHandledKeys := map[string]bool{
-					"type":       true,
-					"properties": true,
-				}
-				sb.WriteString(renderAdditionalKeys(tool.Function.Parameters, paramHandledKeys))
-
-				sb.WriteString("\n</parameters>")
-				sb.WriteString("\n</function>")
-			}
-			sb.WriteString("\n</tools>")
-			sb.WriteString("\n\nIf you choose to call a function ONLY reply in the following format with NO suffix:\n\n<tool_call>\n<function=example_function_name>\n<parameter=example_parameter_1>\nvalue_1\n</parameter>\n<parameter=example_parameter_2>\nThis is the value for the second parameter\nthat can span\nmultiple lines\n</parameter>\n</function>\n</tool_call>\n\n<IMPORTANT>\nReminder:\n- Function calls MUST follow the specified format: an inner <function=...></function> block must be nested within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags\n- Required parameters MUST be specified\n- You may provide optional reasoning for your function call in natural language BEFORE the function call, but NOT after\n- If there is no function call available, answer the question like normal with your current knowledge and do not tell the user about function calls\n</IMPORTANT>")
-		}
-
-		sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
-	}
-
-	for i, message := range filteredMessages {
-		lastMessage := i == len(filteredMessages)-1
-		prefill := lastMessage && message.Role == "assistant"
-		switch message.Role {
-		case "assistant":
-			if len(message.ToolCalls) > 0 {
-				sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "assistant\n")
-				if message.Content != "" {
-					sb.WriteString(message.Content + "\n")
-				}
-				for _, toolCall := range message.ToolCalls {
-					sb.WriteString("\n<tool_call>\n<function=" + toolCall.Function.Name + ">")
-					for name, value := range toolCall.Function.Arguments {
-						valueStr := formatToolCallArgument(value)
-						sb.WriteString("\n<parameter=" + name + ">\n" + valueStr + "\n</parameter>")
-					}
-					sb.WriteString("\n</function>\n</tool_call>")
-				}
-				sb.WriteString("<|im_end|>\n")
-			} else {
-				sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "assistant\n")
-				sb.WriteString(message.Content)
-				if !prefill {
-					sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
-				}
-			}
-		case "tool":
-			// consecutive tool responses should share a single `<im_start>user`, but
-			// have their own <tool_response> tags
-
-			// only start a new user block if this is the first tool response
-			if i == 0 || filteredMessages[i-1].Role != "tool" {
-				sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "user\n")
-			}
-
-			sb.WriteString("<tool_response>\n")
-			sb.WriteString(message.Content)
-			sb.WriteString("\n</tool_response>\n")
-
-			// close the user block only if this is the last tool response
-			if i == len(filteredMessages)-1 || filteredMessages[i+1].Role != "tool" {
-				sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
-			}
-		default:
-			sb.WriteString(imStartTag + message.Role + "\n")
-			sb.WriteString(message.Content)
-			sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
-		}
-
-		if lastMessage && !prefill {
-			sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "assistant\n")
-		}
-	}
-
-	return sb.String(), nil
-}
-
-func formatToolCallArgument(value any) string {
-	if value == nil {
-		return "null"
-	}
-
-	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case string:
-		return v
-	case []byte:
-		return string(v)
-	}
-
-	if reflect.TypeOf(value) != nil {
-		kind := reflect.TypeOf(value).Kind()
-		if kind == reflect.Map || kind == reflect.Slice || kind == reflect.Array {
-			if marshalled, err := json.Marshal(value); err == nil {
-				return string(marshalled)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", value)
-}
--- a/model/renderers/qwen3coder_test.go
+++ b/model/renderers/qwen3coder_test.go
@@ -1,338 +0,0 @@
-package renderers
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-func TestQwen3CoderRenderer(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		msgs     []api.Message
-		tools    []api.Tool
-		expected string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "basic",
-			msgs: []api.Message{
-				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant."},
-				{Role: "user", Content: "Hello, how are you?"},
-			},
-			expected: `<|im_start|>system
-You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-Hello, how are you?<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-`,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "with tools and response",
-			msgs: []api.Message{
-				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant with access to tools."},
-				{Role: "user", Content: "What is the weather like in San Francisco?"},
-				{
-					Role:    "assistant",
-					Content: "I'll check the weather in San Francisco for you.",
-					ToolCalls: []api.ToolCall{
-						{
-							Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
-								Name: "get_weather",
-								Arguments: map[string]any{
-									"unit": "fahrenheit",
-								},
-							},
-						},
-					},
-				},
-				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"location\": \"San Francisco, CA\", \"temperature\": 68, \"condition\": \"partly cloudy\", \"humidity\": 65, \"wind_speed\": 12}", ToolName: "get_weather"},
-				{Role: "user", Content: "That sounds nice! What about New York?"},
-			},
-			tools: []api.Tool{
-				{Function: api.ToolFunction{
-					Name:        "get_weather",
-					Description: "Get the current weather in a given location",
-					Parameters: api.ToolFunctionParameters{
-						Required: []string{"unit"},
-						Properties: map[string]api.ToolProperty{
-							"unit": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Enum: []any{"celsius", "fahrenheit"}, Description: "The unit of temperature"},
-							// TODO(drifkin): add multiple params back once we have predictable
-							// order via some sort of ordered map type (see
-							// <https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues/12244>)
-							/*
-								"location": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Description: "The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA"},
-							*/
-						},
-					},
-				}},
-			},
-			expected: `<|im_start|>system
-You are a helpful assistant with access to tools.
-
-# Tools
-
-You have access to the following functions:
-
-<tools>
-<function>
-<name>get_weather</name>
-<description>Get the current weather in a given location</description>
-<parameters>
-<parameter>
-<name>unit</name>
-<type>string</type>
-<description>The unit of temperature</description>
-<enum>["celsius","fahrenheit"]</enum>
-</parameter>
-<required>["unit"]</required>
-</parameters>
-</function>
-</tools>
-
-If you choose to call a function ONLY reply in the following format with NO suffix:
-
-<tool_call>
-<function=example_function_name>
-<parameter=example_parameter_1>
-value_1
-</parameter>
-<parameter=example_parameter_2>
-This is the value for the second parameter
-that can span
-multiple lines
-</parameter>
-</function>
-</tool_call>
-
-<IMPORTANT>
-Reminder:
- Function calls MUST follow the specified format: an inner <function=...></function> block must be nested within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags
- Required parameters MUST be specified
- You may provide optional reasoning for your function call in natural language BEFORE the function call, but NOT after
- If there is no function call available, answer the question like normal with your current knowledge and do not tell the user about function calls
-</IMPORTANT><|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-What is the weather like in San Francisco?<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-I'll check the weather in San Francisco for you.
-
-<tool_call>
-<function=get_weather>
-<parameter=unit>
-fahrenheit
-</parameter>
-</function>
-</tool_call><|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-<tool_response>
-{"location": "San Francisco, CA", "temperature": 68, "condition": "partly cloudy", "humidity": 65, "wind_speed": 12}
-</tool_response>
-<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-That sounds nice! What about New York?<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-`,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "parallel tool calls",
-			msgs: []api.Message{
-				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant with access to tools."},
-				{Role: "user", Content: "call double(1) and triple(2)"},
-				{Role: "assistant", Content: "I'll call double(1) and triple(2) for you.", ToolCalls: []api.ToolCall{
-					{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{Name: "double", Arguments: map[string]any{"number": "1"}}},
-					{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{Name: "triple", Arguments: map[string]any{"number": "2"}}},
-				}},
-				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"number\": 2}", ToolName: "double"},
-				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"number\": 6}", ToolName: "triple"},
-			},
-			tools: []api.Tool{
-				{Function: api.ToolFunction{Name: "double", Description: "Double a number", Parameters: api.ToolFunctionParameters{Properties: map[string]api.ToolProperty{
-					"number": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Description: "The number to double"},
-				}}}},
-				{Function: api.ToolFunction{Name: "triple", Description: "Triple a number", Parameters: api.ToolFunctionParameters{Properties: map[string]api.ToolProperty{
-					"number": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Description: "The number to triple"},
-				}}}},
-			},
-			expected: `<|im_start|>system
-You are a helpful assistant with access to tools.
-
-# Tools
-
-You have access to the following functions:
-
-<tools>
-<function>
-<name>double</name>
-<description>Double a number</description>
-<parameters>
-<parameter>
-<name>number</name>
-<type>string</type>
-<description>The number to double</description>
-</parameter>
-</parameters>
-</function>
-<function>
-<name>triple</name>
-<description>Triple a number</description>
-<parameters>
-<parameter>
-<name>number</name>
-<type>string</type>
-<description>The number to triple</description>
-</parameter>
-</parameters>
-</function>
-</tools>
-
-If you choose to call a function ONLY reply in the following format with NO suffix:
-
-<tool_call>
-<function=example_function_name>
-<parameter=example_parameter_1>
-value_1
-</parameter>
-<parameter=example_parameter_2>
-This is the value for the second parameter
-that can span
-multiple lines
-</parameter>
-</function>
-</tool_call>
-
-<IMPORTANT>
-Reminder:
- Function calls MUST follow the specified format: an inner <function=...></function> block must be nested within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags
- Required parameters MUST be specified
- You may provide optional reasoning for your function call in natural language BEFORE the function call, but NOT after
- If there is no function call available, answer the question like normal with your current knowledge and do not tell the user about function calls
-</IMPORTANT><|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-call double(1) and triple(2)<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-I'll call double(1) and triple(2) for you.
-
-<tool_call>
-<function=double>
-<parameter=number>
-1
-</parameter>
-</function>
-</tool_call>
-<tool_call>
-<function=triple>
-<parameter=number>
-2
-</parameter>
-</function>
-</tool_call><|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-<tool_response>
-{"number": 2}
-</tool_response>
-<tool_response>
-{"number": 6}
-</tool_response>
-<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-`,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "prefill",
-			msgs: []api.Message{
-				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant."},
-				{Role: "user", Content: "Tell me something interesting."},
-				{Role: "assistant", Content: "I'll tell you something interesting about cats"},
-			},
-			expected: `<|im_start|>system
-You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-Tell me something interesting.<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-I'll tell you something interesting about cats`,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "complex tool call arguments should remain json encoded",
-			msgs: []api.Message{
-				{Role: "user", Content: "call tool"},
-				{Role: "assistant", ToolCalls: []api.ToolCall{
-					{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
-						Name: "echo",
-						Arguments: map[string]any{
-							"payload": map[string]any{"foo": "bar"},
-						},
-					}},
-				}},
-				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"payload\": {\"foo\": \"bar\"}}", ToolName: "echo"},
-			},
-			expected: `<|im_start|>user
-call tool<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-
-<tool_call>
-<function=echo>
-<parameter=payload>
-{"foo":"bar"}
-</parameter>
-</function>
-</tool_call><|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>user
-<tool_response>
-{"payload": {"foo": "bar"}}
-</tool_response>
-<|im_end|>
-<|im_start|>assistant
-`,
-		},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			rendered, err := Qwen3CoderRenderer(tt.msgs, tt.tools, nil)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(rendered, tt.expected); diff != "" {
-				t.Errorf("mismatch (-got +want):\n%s", diff)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFormatToolCallArgument(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		arg      any
-		expected string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "string",
-			arg:  "foo",
-			// notice no quotes around the string
-			expected: "foo",
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "map",
-			arg:      map[string]any{"foo": "bar"},
-			expected: "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}",
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "number",
-			arg:      1,
-			expected: "1",
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "boolean",
-			arg:      true,
-			expected: "true",
-		},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := formatToolCallArgument(tt.arg)
-			if got != tt.expected {
-				t.Errorf("formatToolCallArgument(%v) = %v, want %v", tt.arg, got, tt.expected)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/model/renderers/renderer.go
+++ b/model/renderers/renderer.go
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-package renderers
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-type rendererFunc func([]api.Message, []api.Tool, *api.ThinkValue) (string, error)
-
-func RenderWithRenderer(name string, msgs []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, think *api.ThinkValue) (string, error) {
-	renderer := rendererForName(name)
-	if renderer == nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("unknown renderer %q", name)
-	}
-	return renderer(msgs, tools, think)
-}
-
-func rendererForName(name string) rendererFunc {
-	switch name {
-	case "qwen3-coder":
-		return Qwen3CoderRenderer
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
--- a/openai/openai.go
+++ b/openai/openai.go
@@ -105,18 +105,16 @@ type ChatCompletionRequest struct {
 	Tools            []api.Tool      `json:"tools"`
 	Reasoning        *Reasoning      `json:"reasoning,omitempty"`
 	ReasoningEffort  *string         `json:"reasoning_effort,omitempty"`
-	DebugRenderOnly  bool            `json:"_debug_render_only"`
 }

 type ChatCompletion struct {
-	Id                string         `json:"id"`
-	Object            string         `json:"object"`
-	Created           int64          `json:"created"`
-	Model             string         `json:"model"`
-	SystemFingerprint string         `json:"system_fingerprint"`
-	Choices           []Choice       `json:"choices"`
-	Usage             Usage          `json:"usage,omitempty"`
-	DebugInfo         *api.DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info,omitempty"`
+	Id                string   `json:"id"`
+	Object            string   `json:"object"`
+	Created           int64    `json:"created"`
+	Model             string   `json:"model"`
+	SystemFingerprint string   `json:"system_fingerprint"`
+	Choices           []Choice `json:"choices"`
+	Usage             Usage    `json:"usage,omitempty"`
 }

 type ChatCompletionChunk struct {
@@ -143,7 +141,6 @@ type CompletionRequest struct {
 	Temperature      *float32       `json:"temperature"`
 	TopP             float32        `json:"top_p"`
 	Suffix           string         `json:"suffix"`
-	DebugRenderOnly  bool           `json:"_debug_render_only"`
 }

 type Completion struct {
@@ -276,8 +273,8 @@ func toChatCompletion(id string, r api.ChatResponse) ChatCompletion {
 				}
 				return nil
 			}(r.DoneReason),
-		}}, Usage: toUsage(r),
-		DebugInfo: r.DebugInfo,
+		}},
+		Usage: toUsage(r),
 	}
 }

@@ -571,14 +568,13 @@ func fromChatRequest(r ChatCompletionRequest) (*api.ChatRequest, error) {
 	}

 	return &api.ChatRequest{
-		Model:           r.Model,
-		Messages:        messages,
-		Format:          format,
-		Options:         options,
-		Stream:          &r.Stream,
-		Tools:           r.Tools,
-		Think:           think,
-		DebugRenderOnly: r.DebugRenderOnly,
+		Model:    r.Model,
+		Messages: messages,
+		Format:   format,
+		Options:  options,
+		Stream:   &r.Stream,
+		Tools:    r.Tools,
+		Think:    think,
 	}, nil
 }

@@ -652,12 +648,11 @@ func fromCompleteRequest(r CompletionRequest) (api.GenerateRequest, error) {
 	}

 	return api.GenerateRequest{
-		Model:           r.Model,
-		Prompt:          r.Prompt,
-		Options:         options,
-		Stream:          &r.Stream,
-		Suffix:          r.Suffix,
-		DebugRenderOnly: r.DebugRenderOnly,
+		Model:   r.Model,
+		Prompt:  r.Prompt,
+		Options: options,
+		Stream:  &r.Stream,
+		Suffix:  r.Suffix,
 	}, nil
 }

--- a/parser/parser.go
+++ b/parser/parser.go
@@ -62,14 +62,15 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)
 	for _, c := range f.Commands {
 		switch c.Name {
 		case "model":
-			path, err := expandPath(c.Args, relativeDir)
+			name := c.Args.(string)
+			path, err := expandPath(name, relativeDir)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}

 			digestMap, err := fileDigestMap(path)
 			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-				req.From = c.Args
+				req.From = name
 				continue
 			} else if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -83,7 +84,8 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)
 				}
 			}
 		case "adapter":
-			path, err := expandPath(c.Args, relativeDir)
+			adapter := c.Args.(string)
+			path, err := expandPath(adapter, relativeDir)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -95,25 +97,25 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)

 			req.Adapters = digestMap
 		case "template":
-			req.Template = c.Args
+			template := c.Args.(string)
+			req.Template = template
 		case "system":
-			req.System = c.Args
+			system := c.Args.(string)
+			req.System = system
 		case "license":
-			licenses = append(licenses, c.Args)
-		case "renderer":
-			req.Renderer = c.Args
-		case "parser":
-			req.Parser = c.Args
+			license := c.Args.(string)
+			licenses = append(licenses, license)
 		case "message":
-			role, msg, _ := strings.Cut(c.Args, ": ")
-			messages = append(messages, api.Message{Role: role, Content: msg})
-		default:
+			msg := c.Args.(*Message)
+			messages = append(messages, api.Message{Role: msg.Role, Content: msg.Content})
+		case "parameter":
 			if slices.Contains(deprecatedParameters, c.Name) {
-				fmt.Printf("warning: parameter %s is deprecated\n", c.Name)
+				fmt.Printf("warning: parameter '%s' is deprecated\n", c.Name)
 				break
 			}

-			ps, err := api.FormatParams(map[string][]string{c.Name: {c.Args}})
+			param := c.Args.(*Parameter)
+			ps, err := api.FormatParams(map[string][]string{param.Name: {param.Value}})
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -127,6 +129,8 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)
 					params[k] = v
 				}
 			}
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("warning: unknown command '%s'", c.Name)
 		}
 	}

@@ -316,7 +320,17 @@ func filesForModel(path string) ([]string, error) {

 type Command struct {
 	Name string
-	Args string
+	Args any
+}
+
+type Parameter struct {
+	Name  string
+	Value string
+}
+
+type Message struct {
+	Role    string
+	Content string
 }

 func (c Command) String() string {
@@ -324,13 +338,17 @@ func (c Command) String() string {
 	switch c.Name {
 	case "model":
 		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "FROM %s", c.Args)
-	case "license", "template", "system", "adapter", "renderer", "parser":
-		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "%s %s", strings.ToUpper(c.Name), quote(c.Args))
+	case "license", "template", "system", "adapter":
+		data := c.Args.(string)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "%s %s", strings.ToUpper(c.Name), quote(data))
 	case "message":
-		role, message, _ := strings.Cut(c.Args, ": ")
-		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "MESSAGE %s %s", role, quote(message))
+		data := c.Args.(*Message)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "MESSAGE %s %s", data.Role, quote(data.Content))
+	case "parameter":
+		data := c.Args.(*Parameter)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "PARAMETER %s %s", data.Name, quote(data.Value))
 	default:
-		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "PARAMETER %s %s", c.Name, quote(c.Args))
+		fmt.Printf("unknown command '%s'\n", c.Name)
 	}

 	return sb.String()
@@ -350,7 +368,7 @@ const (
 var (
 	errMissingFrom        = errors.New("no FROM line")
 	errInvalidMessageRole = errors.New("message role must be one of \"system\", \"user\", or \"assistant\"")
-	errInvalidCommand     = errors.New("command must be one of \"from\", \"license\", \"template\", \"system\", \"adapter\", \"renderer\", \"parser\", \"parameter\", or \"message\"")
+	errInvalidCommand     = errors.New("command must be one of \"from\", \"license\", \"template\", \"system\", \"adapter\", \"parameter\", or \"message\"")
 )

 type ParserError struct {
@@ -370,7 +388,6 @@ func ParseFile(r io.Reader) (*Modelfile, error) {
 	var curr state
 	var currLine int = 1
 	var b bytes.Buffer
-	var role string

 	var f Modelfile

@@ -417,6 +434,7 @@ func ParseFile(r io.Reader) (*Modelfile, error) {
 				case "parameter":
 					// transition to stateParameter which sets command name
 					next = stateParameter
+					cmd.Name = s
 				case "message":
 					// transition to stateMessage which validates the message role
 					next = stateMessage
@@ -425,16 +443,37 @@ func ParseFile(r io.Reader) (*Modelfile, error) {
 					cmd.Name = s
 				}
 			case stateParameter:
-				cmd.Name = b.String()
+				s, ok := unquote(strings.TrimSpace(b.String()))
+				if !ok || isSpace(r) {
+					if _, err := b.WriteRune(r); err != nil {
+						return nil, err
+					}
+
+					continue
+				}
+				cmd.Args = &Parameter{
+					Name: s,
+				}
 			case stateMessage:
-				if !isValidMessageRole(b.String()) {
+				s, ok := unquote(strings.TrimSpace(b.String()))
+				if !ok || isSpace(r) {
+					if _, err := b.WriteRune(r); err != nil {
+						return nil, err
+					}
+
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if !isValidMessageRole(s) {
 					return nil, &ParserError{
 						LineNumber: currLine,
 						Msg:        errInvalidMessageRole.Error(),
 					}
 				}

-				role = b.String()
+				cmd.Args = &Message{
+					Role: s,
+				}
 			case stateComment, stateNil:
 				// pass
 			case stateValue:
@@ -447,12 +486,16 @@ func ParseFile(r io.Reader) (*Modelfile, error) {
 					continue
 				}

-				if role != "" {
-					s = role + ": " + s
-					role = ""
+				switch cmd.Name {
+				case "parameter":
+					p := cmd.Args.(*Parameter)
+					p.Value = s
+				case "message":
+					m := cmd.Args.(*Message)
+					m.Content = s
+				default:
+					cmd.Args = s
 				}
-
-				cmd.Args = s
 				f.Commands = append(f.Commands, cmd)
 			}

@@ -477,11 +520,16 @@ func ParseFile(r io.Reader) (*Modelfile, error) {
 			return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
 		}

-		if role != "" {
-			s = role + ": " + s
+		switch cmd.Name {
+		case "parameter":
+			c := cmd.Args.(*Parameter)
+			c.Value = s
+		case "message":
+			c := cmd.Args.(*Message)
+			c.Content = s
+		default:
+			cmd.Args = s
 		}
-
-		cmd.Args = s
 		f.Commands = append(f.Commands, cmd)
 	default:
 		return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
@@ -610,7 +658,7 @@ func isValidMessageRole(role string) bool {

 func isValidCommand(cmd string) bool {
 	switch strings.ToLower(cmd) {
-	case "from", "license", "template", "system", "adapter", "renderer", "parser", "parameter", "message":
+	case "from", "license", "template", "system", "adapter", "parameter", "message":
 		return true
 	default:
 		return false
--- a/parser/parser_test.go
+++ b/parser/parser_test.go
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ TEMPLATE """{{ if .System }}<|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
 		{Name: "model", Args: "model1"},
 		{Name: "adapter", Args: "adapter1"},
 		{Name: "license", Args: "MIT"},
-		{Name: "param1", Args: "value1"},
-		{Name: "param2", Args: "value2"},
+		{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param1", "value1"}},
+		{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param2", "value2"}},
 		{Name: "template", Args: "{{ if .System }}<|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\n{{ .System }}<|eot_id|>{{ end }}{{ if .Prompt }}<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>\n\n{{ .Prompt }}<|eot_id|>{{ end }}<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>\n\n{{ .Response }}<|eot_id|>"},
 	}

@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ TEMPLATE """   {{ if .System }}<|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
 		{Name: "model", Args: "     model 1"},
 		{Name: "adapter", Args: "adapter3"},
 		{Name: "license", Args: "MIT       "},
-		{Name: "param1", Args: "value1"},
-		{Name: "param2", Args: "value2"},
+		{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param1", "value1"}},
+		{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param2", "value2"}},
 		{Name: "template", Args: "   {{ if .System }}<|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>\n\n{{ .System }}<|eot_id|>{{ end }}{{ if .Prompt }}<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>\n\n{{ .Prompt }}<|eot_id|>{{ end }}<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>\n\n{{ .Response }}<|eot_id|>   "},
 	}

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func TestParseFileFrom(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			"FROM \"FOO BAR\"\nPARAMETER param1 value1",
-			[]Command{{Name: "model", Args: "FOO BAR"}, {Name: "param1", Args: "value1"}},
+			[]Command{{Name: "model", Args: "FOO BAR"}, {Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param1", "value1"}}},
 			nil,
 		},
 		{
@@ -149,12 +149,12 @@ func TestParseFileFrom(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			"PARAMETER param1 value1\nFROM foo",
-			[]Command{{Name: "param1", Args: "value1"}, {Name: "model", Args: "foo"}},
+			[]Command{{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param1", "value1"}}, {Name: "model", Args: "foo"}},
 			nil,
 		},
 		{
 			"PARAMETER what the \nFROM lemons make lemonade ",
-			[]Command{{Name: "what", Args: "the"}, {Name: "model", Args: "lemons make lemonade"}},
+			[]Command{{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"what", "the"}}, {Name: "model", Args: "lemons make lemonade"}},
 			nil,
 		},
 	}
@@ -198,34 +198,6 @@ BADCOMMAND param1 value1
 	}
 }

-func TestParseFileRenderer(t *testing.T) {
-	input := `
-FROM foo
-RENDERER renderer1
-`
-
-	reader := strings.NewReader(input)
-
-	modelfile, err := ParseFile(reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, []Command{{Name: "model", Args: "foo"}, {Name: "renderer", Args: "renderer1"}}, modelfile.Commands)
-}
-
-func TestParseFileParser(t *testing.T) {
-	input := `
-FROM foo
-PARSER parser1
-`
-
-	reader := strings.NewReader(input)
-
-	modelfile, err := ParseFile(reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, []Command{{Name: "model", Args: "foo"}, {Name: "parser", Args: "parser1"}}, modelfile.Commands)
-}
-
 func TestParseFileMessages(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		input    string
@@ -239,7 +211,7 @@ MESSAGE system You are a file parser. Always parse things.
 `,
 			[]Command{
 				{Name: "model", Args: "foo"},
-				{Name: "message", Args: "system: You are a file parser. Always parse things."},
+				{Name: "message", Args: &Message{"system", "You are a file parser. Always parse things."}},
 			},
 			nil,
 		},
@@ -249,7 +221,7 @@ FROM foo
 MESSAGE system You are a file parser. Always parse things.`,
 			[]Command{
 				{Name: "model", Args: "foo"},
-				{Name: "message", Args: "system: You are a file parser. Always parse things."},
+				{Name: "message", Args: &Message{"system", "You are a file parser. Always parse things."}},
 			},
 			nil,
 		},
@@ -262,9 +234,9 @@ MESSAGE assistant Hello, I want to parse all the things!
 `,
 			[]Command{
 				{Name: "model", Args: "foo"},
-				{Name: "message", Args: "system: You are a file parser. Always parse things."},
-				{Name: "message", Args: "user: Hey there!"},
-				{Name: "message", Args: "assistant: Hello, I want to parse all the things!"},
+				{Name: "message", Args: &Message{"system", "You are a file parser. Always parse things."}},
+				{Name: "message", Args: &Message{"user", "Hey there!"}},
+				{Name: "message", Args: &Message{"assistant", "Hello, I want to parse all the things!"}},
 			},
 			nil,
 		},
@@ -272,12 +244,12 @@ MESSAGE assistant Hello, I want to parse all the things!
 			`
 FROM foo
 MESSAGE system """
-You are a multiline file parser. Always parse things.
+You are a multiline file "parser". Always parse things.
 """
 			`,
 			[]Command{
 				{Name: "model", Args: "foo"},
-				{Name: "message", Args: "system: \nYou are a multiline file parser. Always parse things.\n"},
+				{Name: "message", Args: &Message{"system", "\nYou are a multiline file \"parser\". Always parse things.\n"}},
 			},
 			nil,
 		},
@@ -542,7 +514,7 @@ func TestParseFileParameters(t *testing.T) {

 			assert.Equal(t, []Command{
 				{Name: "model", Args: "foo"},
-				{Name: v.name, Args: v.value},
+				{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{v.name, v.value}},
 			}, modelfile.Commands)
 		})
 	}
@@ -645,8 +617,8 @@ SYSTEM You are a utf16 file.

 	expected := []Command{
 		{Name: "model", Args: "bob"},
-		{Name: "param1", Args: "1"},
-		{Name: "param2", Args: "4096"},
+		{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param1", "1"}},
+		{Name: "parameter", Args: &Parameter{"param2", "4096"}},
 		{Name: "system", Args: "You are a utf16 file."},
 	}

--- a/runner/llamarunner/cache.go
+++ b/runner/llamarunner/cache.go
@@ -204,8 +204,13 @@ func (c *InputCache) ShiftDiscard(inputLen int, numKeep int) int {
 	targetFree = max(targetFree, 1)

 	currentFree := c.numCtx - inputLen
+	discard := targetFree - currentFree

-	return max(targetFree-currentFree, 0)
+	if discard < 0 {
+		discard = 0
+	}
+
+	return discard
 }

 type ErrReprocessInputs struct {
--- a/runner/ollamarunner/cache.go
+++ b/runner/ollamarunner/cache.go
@@ -242,8 +242,13 @@ func (c *InputCache) ShiftDiscard(inputLen int32, numKeep int32) int32 {
 	targetFree = max(targetFree, 1)

 	currentFree := c.numCtx - inputLen
+	discard := targetFree - currentFree

-	return max(targetFree-currentFree, 0)
+	if discard < 0 {
+		discard = 0
+	}
+
+	return discard
 }

 type ErrReprocessInputs struct {
--- a/runner/ollamarunner/runner.go
+++ b/runner/ollamarunner/runner.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"image"
 	"log"
 	"log/slog"
+	"math"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -31,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/runner/common"
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func (s *Server) removeSequence(seqIndex int, reason llm.DoneReason) {
 func (s *Server) run(ctx context.Context) {
 	s.ready.Wait()

-	supportsAsync := pooling.Type(s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type")) == pooling.TypeNone
+	supportsAsync := s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type", math.MaxUint32) == math.MaxUint32

 	var activeBatch batchState
 	for {
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 }

 func (s *Server) embeddings(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	if pooling.Type(s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type")) == pooling.TypeNone {
+	if s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type", math.MaxUint32) == math.MaxUint32 {
 		http.Error(w, "this model does not support embeddings", http.StatusNotImplemented)
 		return
 	}
--- a/sample/samplers_test.go
+++ b/sample/samplers_test.go
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ func modelHelper(t testing.TB) model.BytePairEncoding {
 	merges := make([]string, 0, 1)
 	// Only need vocab for Grammar Test
 	return model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+		``,
 		&model.Vocabulary{
 			Values: tokens,
 			Types:  make([]int32, len(vocab)),
--- a/scripts/env.sh
+++ b/scripts/env.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ OLLAMA_COMMON_BUILD_ARGS="--build-arg=VERSION \
    --build-arg=OLLAMA_FAST_BUILD \
    --build-arg=CUSTOM_CPU_FLAGS \
    --build-arg=GPU_RUNNER_CPU_FLAGS \
-    --build-arg=PARALLEL \
    --build-arg=AMDGPU_TARGETS"

 echo "Building Ollama"
--- a/server/create.go
+++ b/server/create.go
@@ -10,11 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log/slog"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"os"
-	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
@@ -42,14 +39,6 @@ var (
 )

 func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	config := &ConfigV2{
-		OS:           "linux",
-		Architecture: "amd64",
-		RootFS: RootFS{
-			Type: "layers",
-		},
-	}
-
 	var r api.CreateRequest
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&r); errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
 		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "missing request body"})
@@ -59,9 +48,6 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	config.Renderer = r.Renderer
-	config.Parser = r.Parser
-
 	for v := range r.Files {
 		if !fs.ValidPath(v) {
 			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": errFilePath.Error()})
@@ -91,34 +77,20 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		oldManifest, _ := ParseNamedManifest(name)

 		var baseLayers []*layerGGML
-		var err error
-		var remote bool
-
 		if r.From != "" {
-			slog.Debug("create model from model name", "from", r.From)
+			slog.Debug("create model from model name")
 			fromName := model.ParseName(r.From)
 			if !fromName.IsValid() {
 				ch <- gin.H{"error": errtypes.InvalidModelNameErrMsg, "status": http.StatusBadRequest}
 				return
 			}
-			if r.RemoteHost != "" {
-				ru, err := remoteURL(r.RemoteHost)
-				if err != nil {
-					ch <- gin.H{"error": "bad remote", "status": http.StatusBadRequest}
-					return
-				}

-				config.RemoteModel = r.From
-				config.RemoteHost = ru
-				remote = true
-			} else {
-				ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(c.Request.Context())
-				defer cancel()
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(c.Request.Context())
+			defer cancel()

-				baseLayers, err = parseFromModel(ctx, fromName, fn)
-				if err != nil {
-					ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
-				}
+			baseLayers, err = parseFromModel(ctx, fromName, fn)
+			if err != nil {
+				ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
 			}
 		} else if r.Files != nil {
 			baseLayers, err = convertModelFromFiles(r.Files, baseLayers, false, fn)
@@ -138,7 +110,7 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		}

 		var adapterLayers []*layerGGML
-		if !remote && r.Adapters != nil {
+		if r.Adapters != nil {
 			adapterLayers, err = convertModelFromFiles(r.Adapters, baseLayers, true, fn)
 			if err != nil {
 				for _, badReq := range []error{errNoFilesProvided, errOnlyOneAdapterSupported, errOnlyGGUFSupported, errUnknownType, errFilePath} {
@@ -156,56 +128,7 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			baseLayers = append(baseLayers, adapterLayers...)
 		}

-		// Info is not currently exposed by Modelfiles, but allows overriding various
-		// config values
-		if r.Info != nil {
-			caps, ok := r.Info["capabilities"]
-			if ok {
-				switch tcaps := caps.(type) {
-				case []any:
-					caps := make([]string, len(tcaps))
-					for i, c := range tcaps {
-						str, ok := c.(string)
-						if !ok {
-							continue
-						}
-						caps[i] = str
-					}
-					config.Capabilities = append(config.Capabilities, caps...)
-				}
-			}
-
-			strFromInfo := func(k string) string {
-				v, ok := r.Info[k]
-				if ok {
-					val := v.(string)
-					return val
-				}
-				return ""
-			}
-
-			vFromInfo := func(k string) float64 {
-				v, ok := r.Info[k]
-				if ok {
-					val := v.(float64)
-					return val
-				}
-				return 0
-			}
-
-			config.ModelFamily = strFromInfo("model_family")
-			if config.ModelFamily != "" {
-				config.ModelFamilies = []string{config.ModelFamily}
-			}
-
-			config.BaseName = strFromInfo("base_name")
-			config.FileType = strFromInfo("quantization_level")
-			config.ModelType = strFromInfo("parameter_size")
-			config.ContextLen = int(vFromInfo("context_length"))
-			config.EmbedLen = int(vFromInfo("embedding_length"))
-		}
-
-		if err := createModel(r, name, baseLayers, config, fn); err != nil {
+		if err := createModel(r, name, baseLayers, fn); err != nil {
 			if errors.Is(err, errBadTemplate) {
 				ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error(), "status": http.StatusBadRequest}
 				return
@@ -231,51 +154,6 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	streamResponse(c, ch)
 }

-func remoteURL(raw string) (string, error) {
-	// Special‑case: user supplied only a path ("/foo/bar").
-	if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "/") {
-		return (&url.URL{
-			Scheme: "http",
-			Host:   net.JoinHostPort("localhost", "11434"),
-			Path:   path.Clean(raw),
-		}).String(), nil
-	}
-
-	if !strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
-		raw = "http://" + raw
-	}
-
-	if raw == "ollama.com" || raw == "http://ollama.com" {
-		raw = "https://ollama.com:443"
-	}
-
-	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse error: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if u.Host == "" {
-		u.Host = "localhost"
-	}
-
-	hostPart, portPart, err := net.SplitHostPort(u.Host)
-	if err == nil {
-		u.Host = net.JoinHostPort(hostPart, portPart)
-	} else {
-		u.Host = net.JoinHostPort(u.Host, "11434")
-	}
-
-	if u.Path != "" {
-		u.Path = path.Clean(u.Path)
-	}
-
-	if u.Path == "/" {
-		u.Path = ""
-	}
-
-	return u.String(), nil
-}
-
 func convertModelFromFiles(files map[string]string, baseLayers []*layerGGML, isAdapter bool, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) ([]*layerGGML, error) {
 	switch detectModelTypeFromFiles(files) {
 	case "safetensors":
@@ -438,7 +316,15 @@ func kvFromLayers(baseLayers []*layerGGML) (ggml.KV, error) {
 	return ggml.KV{}, fmt.Errorf("no base model was found")
 }

-func createModel(r api.CreateRequest, name model.Name, baseLayers []*layerGGML, config *ConfigV2, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (err error) {
+func createModel(r api.CreateRequest, name model.Name, baseLayers []*layerGGML, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (err error) {
+	config := ConfigV2{
+		OS:           "linux",
+		Architecture: "amd64",
+		RootFS: RootFS{
+			Type: "layers",
+		},
+	}
+
 	var layers []Layer
 	for _, layer := range baseLayers {
 		if layer.GGML != nil {
@@ -518,7 +404,7 @@ func createModel(r api.CreateRequest, name model.Name, baseLayers []*layerGGML,
 		return err
 	}

-	configLayer, err := createConfigLayer(layers, *config)
+	configLayer, err := createConfigLayer(layers, config)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/server/create_test.go
+++ b/server/create_test.go
@@ -104,154 +104,3 @@ func TestConvertFromSafetensors(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestRemoteURL(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		input    string
-		expected string
-		hasError bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:     "absolute path",
-			input:    "/foo/bar",
-			expected: "http://localhost:11434/foo/bar",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "absolute path with cleanup",
-			input:    "/foo/../bar",
-			expected: "http://localhost:11434/bar",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "root path",
-			input:    "/",
-			expected: "http://localhost:11434/",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "host without scheme",
-			input:    "example.com",
-			expected: "http://example.com:11434",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "host with port",
-			input:    "example.com:8080",
-			expected: "http://example.com:8080",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "full URL",
-			input:    "https://example.com:8080/path",
-			expected: "https://example.com:8080/path",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "full URL with path cleanup",
-			input:    "https://example.com:8080/path/../other",
-			expected: "https://example.com:8080/other",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "ollama.com special case",
-			input:    "ollama.com",
-			expected: "https://ollama.com:443",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "http ollama.com special case",
-			input:    "http://ollama.com",
-			expected: "https://ollama.com:443",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "URL with only host",
-			input:    "http://example.com",
-			expected: "http://example.com:11434",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "URL with root path cleaned",
-			input:    "http://example.com/",
-			expected: "http://example.com:11434",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "invalid URL",
-			input:    "http://[::1]:namedport", // invalid port
-			expected: "",
-			hasError: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "empty string",
-			input:    "",
-			expected: "http://localhost:11434",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "host with scheme but no port",
-			input:    "http://localhost",
-			expected: "http://localhost:11434",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "complex path cleanup",
-			input:    "/a/b/../../c/./d",
-			expected: "http://localhost:11434/c/d",
-			hasError: false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			result, err := remoteURL(tt.input)
-
-			if tt.hasError {
-				if err == nil {
-					t.Errorf("expected error but got none")
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-				return
-			}
-
-			if result != tt.expected {
-				t.Errorf("expected %q, got %q", tt.expected, result)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRemoteURL_Idempotent(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test that applying remoteURL twice gives the same result as applying it once
-	testInputs := []string{
-		"/foo/bar",
-		"example.com",
-		"https://example.com:8080/path",
-		"ollama.com",
-		"http://localhost:11434",
-	}
-
-	for _, input := range testInputs {
-		t.Run(input, func(t *testing.T) {
-			firstResult, err := remoteURL(input)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("first call failed: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			secondResult, err := remoteURL(firstResult)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("second call failed: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			if firstResult != secondResult {
-				t.Errorf("function is not idempotent: first=%q, second=%q", firstResult, secondResult)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/server/images.go
+++ b/server/images.go
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/gguf"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/parsers"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/template"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/thinking"
@@ -74,38 +73,29 @@ func (m *Model) Capabilities() []model.Capability {
 	capabilities := []model.Capability{}

 	// Check for completion capability
-	if m.ModelPath != "" {
-		f, err := gguf.Open(m.ModelPath)
-		if err == nil {
-			defer f.Close()
+	f, err := gguf.Open(m.ModelPath)
+	if err == nil {
+		defer f.Close()

-			if f.KeyValue("pooling_type").Valid() {
-				capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityEmbedding)
-			} else {
-				// If no embedding is specified, we assume the model supports completion
-				capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityCompletion)
-			}
-			if f.KeyValue("vision.block_count").Valid() {
-				capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityVision)
-			}
+		if f.KeyValue("pooling_type").Valid() {
+			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityEmbedding)
 		} else {
-			slog.Error("couldn't open model file", "error", err)
+			// If no embedding is specified, we assume the model supports completion
+			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityCompletion)
 		}
-	} else if len(m.Config.Capabilities) > 0 {
-		for _, c := range m.Config.Capabilities {
-			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.Capability(c))
+		if f.KeyValue("vision.block_count").Valid() {
+			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityVision)
 		}
 	} else {
-		slog.Warn("unknown capabilities for model", "model", m.Name)
+		slog.Error("couldn't open model file", "error", err)
 	}

 	if m.Template == nil {
 		return capabilities
 	}

-	builtinParser := parsers.ParserForName(m.Config.Parser)
 	// Check for tools capability
-	if slices.Contains(m.Template.Vars(), "tools") || (builtinParser != nil && builtinParser.HasToolSupport()) {
+	if slices.Contains(m.Template.Vars(), "tools") {
 		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityTools)
 	}

@@ -119,16 +109,10 @@ func (m *Model) Capabilities() []model.Capability {
 		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityVision)
 	}

-	// Skip the thinking check if it's already set
-	if slices.Contains(capabilities, "thinking") {
-		return capabilities
-	}
-
 	// Check for thinking capability
 	openingTag, closingTag := thinking.InferTags(m.Template.Template)
 	hasTags := openingTag != "" && closingTag != ""
-	isGptoss := slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, m.Config.ModelFamily)
-	if hasTags || isGptoss || (builtinParser != nil && builtinParser.HasThinkingSupport()) {
+	if hasTags || slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, m.Config.ModelFamily) {
 		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityThinking)
 	}

@@ -214,20 +198,6 @@ func (m *Model) String() string {
 		})
 	}

-	if m.Config.Renderer != "" {
-		modelfile.Commands = append(modelfile.Commands, parser.Command{
-			Name: "renderer",
-			Args: m.Config.Renderer,
-		})
-	}
-
-	if m.Config.Parser != "" {
-		modelfile.Commands = append(modelfile.Commands, parser.Command{
-			Name: "parser",
-			Args: m.Config.Parser,
-		})
-	}
-
 	for k, v := range m.Options {
 		switch v := v.(type) {
 		case []any:
@@ -266,19 +236,8 @@ type ConfigV2 struct {
 	ModelFormat   string   `json:"model_format"`
 	ModelFamily   string   `json:"model_family"`
 	ModelFamilies []string `json:"model_families"`
-	ModelType     string   `json:"model_type"` // shown as Parameter Size
-	FileType      string   `json:"file_type"`  // shown as Quantization Level
-	Renderer      string   `json:"renderer,omitempty"`
-	Parser        string   `json:"parser,omitempty"`
-
-	RemoteHost  string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
-	RemoteModel string `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
-
-	// used for remotes
-	Capabilities []string `json:"capabilities,omitempty"`
-	ContextLen   int      `json:"context_length,omitempty"`
-	EmbedLen     int      `json:"embedding_length,omitempty"`
-	BaseName     string   `json:"base_name,omitempty"`
+	ModelType     string   `json:"model_type"`
+	FileType      string   `json:"file_type"`

 	// required by spec
 	Architecture string `json:"architecture"`
--- a/server/internal/internal/backoff/backoff.go
+++ b/server/internal/internal/backoff/backoff.go
@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@ func Loop(ctx context.Context, maxBackoff time.Duration) iter.Seq2[int, error] {

 			// n^2 backoff timer is a little smoother than the
 			// common choice of 2^n.
-			d := min(time.Duration(n*n)*10*time.Millisecond, maxBackoff)
+			d := time.Duration(n*n) * 10 * time.Millisecond
+			if d > maxBackoff {
+				d = maxBackoff
+			}
 			// Randomize the delay between 0.5-1.5 x msec, in order
 			// to prevent accidental "thundering herd" problems.
 			d = time.Duration(float64(d) * (rand.Float64() + 0.5))
--- a/server/prompt.go
+++ b/server/prompt.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/renderers"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/template"
 )

@@ -42,12 +41,18 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.
 			}
 		}

-		p, err := renderPrompt(m, append(system, msgs[i:]...), tools, think)
-		if err != nil {
+		thinkVal := false
+		thinkLevel := ""
+		if think != nil {
+			thinkVal = think.Bool()
+			thinkLevel = think.String()
+		}
+		var b bytes.Buffer
+		if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[i:]...), Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, ThinkLevel: thinkLevel, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
 			return "", nil, err
 		}

-		s, err := tokenize(ctx, p)
+		s, err := tokenize(ctx, b.String())
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", nil, err
 		}
@@ -96,23 +101,6 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.
 	}

 	// truncate any messages that do not fit into the context window
-	p, err := renderPrompt(m, append(system, msgs[currMsgIdx:]...), tools, think)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", nil, err
-	}
-
-	return p, images, nil
-}
-
-func renderPrompt(m *Model, msgs []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, think *api.ThinkValue) (string, error) {
-	if m.Config.Renderer != "" {
-		rendered, err := renderers.RenderWithRenderer(m.Config.Renderer, msgs, tools, think)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-		return rendered, nil
-	}
-
 	var b bytes.Buffer
 	thinkVal := false
 	thinkLevel := ""
@@ -120,8 +108,9 @@ func renderPrompt(m *Model, msgs []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, think *api.Thi
 		thinkVal = think.Bool()
 		thinkLevel = think.String()
 	}
-	if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: msgs, Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, ThinkLevel: thinkLevel, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
-		return "", err
+	if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[currMsgIdx:]...), Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, ThinkLevel: thinkLevel, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
 	}
-	return b.String(), nil
+
+	return b.String(), images, nil
 }
--- a/server/routes.go
+++ b/server/routes.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"cmp"
 	"context"
-	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/netip"
-	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"slices"
@@ -30,14 +28,13 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/auth"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/discover"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/harmony"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/parsers"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/openai"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/client/ollama"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/registry"
@@ -49,8 +46,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 )

-const signinURLStr = "https://ollama.com/connect?name=%s&key=%s"
-
 func shouldUseHarmony(model *Model) bool {
 	if slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, model.Config.ModelFamily) {
 		// heuristic to check whether the template expects to be parsed via harmony:
@@ -153,17 +148,6 @@ func (s *Server) scheduleRunner(ctx context.Context, name string, caps []model.C
 	return runner.llama, model, &opts, nil
 }

-func signinURL() (string, error) {
-	pubKey, err := auth.GetPublicKey()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	encKey := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(pubKey))
-	h, _ := os.Hostname()
-	return fmt.Sprintf(signinURLStr, url.PathEscape(h), encKey), nil
-}
-
 func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	checkpointStart := time.Now()
 	var req api.GenerateRequest
@@ -204,90 +188,6 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" && m.Config.RemoteModel != "" {
-		origModel := req.Model
-
-		remoteURL, err := url.Parse(m.Config.RemoteHost)
-		if err != nil {
-			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-			return
-		}
-
-		if !slices.Contains(envconfig.Remotes(), remoteURL.Hostname()) {
-			slog.Info("remote model", "remotes", envconfig.Remotes(), "remoteURL", m.Config.RemoteHost, "hostname", remoteURL.Hostname())
-			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "this server cannot run this remote model"})
-			return
-		}
-
-		req.Model = m.Config.RemoteModel
-
-		if req.Template == "" && m.Template.String() != "" {
-			req.Template = m.Template.String()
-		}
-
-		if req.Options == nil {
-			req.Options = map[string]any{}
-		}
-
-		for k, v := range m.Options {
-			if _, ok := req.Options[k]; !ok {
-				req.Options[k] = v
-			}
-		}
-
-		// update the system prompt from the model if one isn't already specified
-		if req.System == "" && m.System != "" {
-			req.System = m.System
-		}
-
-		if len(m.Messages) > 0 {
-			slog.Warn("embedded messages in the model not supported with '/api/generate'; try '/api/chat' instead")
-		}
-
-		fn := func(resp api.GenerateResponse) error {
-			resp.Model = origModel
-			resp.RemoteModel = m.Config.RemoteModel
-			resp.RemoteHost = m.Config.RemoteHost
-
-			data, err := json.Marshal(resp)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			if _, err = c.Writer.Write(append(data, '\n')); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			c.Writer.Flush()
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		client := api.NewClient(remoteURL, http.DefaultClient)
-		err = client.Generate(c, &req, fn)
-		if err != nil {
-			var authError api.AuthorizationError
-			if errors.As(err, &authError) {
-				sURL, sErr := signinURL()
-				if sErr != nil {
-					slog.Error(sErr.Error())
-					c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "error getting authorization details"})
-					return
-				}
-
-				c.JSON(authError.StatusCode, gin.H{"error": "unauthorized", "signin_url": sURL})
-				return
-			}
-			var apiError api.StatusError
-			if errors.As(err, &apiError) {
-				c.JSON(apiError.StatusCode, apiError)
-				return
-			}
-			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-			return
-		}
-
-		return
-	}
-
 	// expire the runner
 	if req.Prompt == "" && req.KeepAlive != nil && req.KeepAlive.Duration == 0 {
 		s.sched.expireRunner(m)
@@ -307,21 +207,17 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	var builtinParser parsers.Parser
-	if shouldUseHarmony(m) && m.Config.Parser == "" {
-		m.Config.Parser = "harmony"
+	useHarmony := shouldUseHarmony(m) && !req.Raw
+	var harmonyMessageHandler *harmony.HarmonyMessageHandler
+	var harmonyToolParser *harmony.HarmonyToolCallAccumulator
+	if useHarmony {
+		harmonyMessageHandler = harmony.NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
+		harmonyMessageHandler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
+		harmonyToolParser = harmonyMessageHandler.CreateToolParser()
 	}

-	if !req.Raw && m.Config.Parser != "" {
-		builtinParser = parsers.ParserForName(m.Config.Parser)
-		if builtinParser != nil {
-			// no tools or last message for generate endpoint
-			builtinParser.Init(nil, nil)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for harmony/gptoss models
-	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && m.Config.Parser != "harmony" {
+	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for gptoss models
+	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && !useHarmony {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("think value %q is not supported for this model", req.Think.String())})
 		return
 	}
@@ -433,10 +329,10 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {

 	// If debug mode is enabled, return the rendered template instead of calling the model
 	if req.DebugRenderOnly {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.GenerateResponse{
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.DebugTemplateResponse{
 			Model:     req.Model,
 			CreatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
-			DebugInfo: &api.DebugInfo{
+			DebugInfo: api.DebugInfo{
 				RenderedTemplate: prompt,
 				ImageCount:       len(images),
 			},
@@ -445,16 +341,13 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	var thinkingState *thinking.Parser
-	if builtinParser == nil {
+	if !useHarmony {
 		openingTag, closingTag := thinking.InferTags(m.Template.Template)
 		if req.Think != nil && req.Think.Bool() && openingTag != "" && closingTag != "" {
 			thinkingState = &thinking.Parser{
 				OpeningTag: openingTag,
 				ClosingTag: closingTag,
 			}
-			if strings.HasSuffix(strings.TrimSpace(prompt), openingTag) {
-				thinkingState.AddContent(openingTag)
-			}
 		}
 	}

@@ -482,17 +375,11 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				},
 			}

-			if builtinParser != nil {
-				content, thinking, toolCalls, err := builtinParser.Add(cr.Content, cr.Done)
-				if err != nil {
-					ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
-					return
-				}
+			if useHarmony {
+				content, thinking, toolContent := harmonyMessageHandler.AddContent(cr.Content, harmonyToolParser)
 				res.Response = content
 				res.Thinking = thinking
-				if cr.Done && len(toolCalls) > 0 {
-					res.ToolCalls = toolCalls
-				}
+				harmonyToolParser.Add(toolContent)
 			} else if thinkingState != nil {
 				thinking, content := thinkingState.AddContent(cr.Content)
 				res.Thinking = thinking
@@ -504,6 +391,26 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			}

 			if cr.Done {
+				if useHarmony {
+					toolName, toolContent := harmonyToolParser.Drain()
+					if toolName != nil {
+						*toolName = strings.TrimPrefix(*toolName, "functions.")
+						var args api.ToolCallFunctionArguments
+						if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(toolContent), &args); err != nil {
+							errStr := fmt.Sprintf("error parsing tool call: raw='%s', err=%s", toolContent, err.Error())
+							ch <- gin.H{"error": errStr}
+							return
+						}
+
+						res.ToolCalls = append(res.ToolCalls, api.ToolCall{
+							Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+								Name:      *toolName,
+								Arguments: args,
+							},
+						})
+					}
+				}
+
 				res.DoneReason = cr.DoneReason.String()
 				res.TotalDuration = time.Since(checkpointStart)
 				res.LoadDuration = checkpointLoaded.Sub(checkpointStart)
@@ -518,7 +425,7 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				}
 			}

-			if builtinParser != nil {
+			if useHarmony {
 				// only send messages with meaningful content (empty messages confuse clients)
 				if res.Response != "" || res.Thinking != "" || res.Done || len(res.ToolCalls) > 0 {
 					ch <- res
@@ -643,7 +550,7 @@ func (s *Server) EmbedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		ctxLen := min(opts.NumCtx, int(kvData.ContextLength()))
 		if len(tokens) > ctxLen {
 			if !truncate {
-				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "input exceeds maximum context length"})
+				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "input length exceeds maximum context length"})
 				return
 			}

@@ -655,13 +562,6 @@ func (s *Server) EmbedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				ctxLen--
 			}

-			slog.Info("", "ctxLen", ctxLen, "tokenCount", len(tokens))
-			if ctxLen <= 0 {
-				// return error if the truncated input would be empty or just special tokens
-				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "input after truncation exceeds maximum context length"})
-				return
-			}
-
 			tokens = tokens[:ctxLen]

 			s, err = r.Detokenize(c.Request.Context(), tokens)
@@ -1030,28 +930,6 @@ func GetModelInfo(req api.ShowRequest) (*api.ShowResponse, error) {
 		ModifiedAt:   manifest.fi.ModTime(),
 	}

-	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" {
-		resp.RemoteHost = m.Config.RemoteHost
-		resp.RemoteModel = m.Config.RemoteModel
-
-		if m.Config.ModelFamily != "" {
-			resp.ModelInfo = make(map[string]any)
-			resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"] = m.Config.ModelFamily
-
-			if m.Config.BaseName != "" {
-				resp.ModelInfo["general.basename"] = m.Config.BaseName
-			}
-
-			if m.Config.ContextLen > 0 {
-				resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", m.Config.ModelFamily)] = m.Config.ContextLen
-			}
-
-			if m.Config.EmbedLen > 0 {
-				resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.embedding_length", m.Config.ModelFamily)] = m.Config.EmbedLen
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	var params []string
 	cs := 30
 	for k, v := range m.Options {
@@ -1082,11 +960,6 @@ func GetModelInfo(req api.ShowRequest) (*api.ShowResponse, error) {
 	fmt.Fprint(&sb, m.String())
 	resp.Modelfile = sb.String()

-	// skip loading tensor information if this is a remote model
-	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" && m.Config.RemoteModel != "" {
-		return resp, nil
-	}
-
 	kvData, tensors, err := getModelData(m.ModelPath, req.Verbose)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1163,13 +1036,11 @@ func (s *Server) ListHandler(c *gin.Context) {

 		// tag should never be masked
 		models = append(models, api.ListModelResponse{
-			Model:       n.DisplayShortest(),
-			Name:        n.DisplayShortest(),
-			RemoteModel: cf.RemoteModel,
-			RemoteHost:  cf.RemoteHost,
-			Size:        m.Size(),
-			Digest:      m.digest,
-			ModifiedAt:  m.fi.ModTime(),
+			Model:      n.DisplayShortest(),
+			Name:       n.DisplayShortest(),
+			Size:       m.Size(),
+			Digest:     m.digest,
+			ModifiedAt: m.fi.ModTime(),
 			Details: api.ModelDetails{
 				Format:            cf.ModelFormat,
 				Family:            cf.ModelFamily,
@@ -1429,12 +1300,6 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateRoutes(rc *ollama.Registry) (http.Handler, error) {
 	r.POST("/api/show", s.ShowHandler)
 	r.DELETE("/api/delete", s.DeleteHandler)

-	r.POST("/api/me", s.WhoamiHandler)
-
-	r.POST("/api/signout", s.SignoutHandler)
-	// deprecated
-	r.DELETE("/api/user/keys/:encodedKey", s.SignoutHandler)
-
 	// Create
 	r.POST("/api/create", s.CreateHandler)
 	r.POST("/api/blobs/:digest", s.CreateBlobHandler)
@@ -1631,70 +1496,6 @@ func streamResponse(c *gin.Context, ch chan any) {
 	})
 }

-func (s *Server) WhoamiHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	// todo allow other hosts
-	u, err := url.Parse("https://ollama.com")
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error(err.Error())
-		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "URL parse error"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	client := api.NewClient(u, http.DefaultClient)
-	user, err := client.Whoami(c)
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error(err.Error())
-	}
-
-	// user isn't signed in
-	if user != nil && user.Name == "" {
-		sURL, sErr := signinURL()
-		if sErr != nil {
-			slog.Error(sErr.Error())
-			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "error getting authorization details"})
-			return
-		}
-
-		c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "unauthorized", "signin_url": sURL})
-		return
-	}
-
-	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, user)
-}
-
-func (s *Server) SignoutHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	pubKey, err := auth.GetPublicKey()
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error("couldn't get public key", "error", err)
-		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "there was an error signing out"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	encKey := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(pubKey))
-
-	// todo allow other hosts
-	u, err := url.Parse("https://ollama.com")
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error(err.Error())
-		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "URL parse error"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	client := api.NewClient(u, http.DefaultClient)
-	err = client.Disconnect(c, encKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		var authError api.AuthorizationError
-		if errors.As(err, &authError) {
-			c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "you are not currently signed in"})
-			return
-		}
-		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "there was an error signing out"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, nil)
-}
-
 func (s *Server) PsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	models := []api.ProcessModelResponse{}

@@ -1751,34 +1552,21 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	name := model.ParseName(req.Model)
-	if !name.IsValid() {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	name, err := getExistingName(name)
-	if err != nil {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
-		return
-	}
-
-	m, err := GetModel(req.Model)
-	if err != nil {
-		switch {
-		case os.IsNotExist(err):
-			c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("model '%s' not found", req.Model)})
-		case err.Error() == errtypes.InvalidModelNameErrMsg:
-			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-		default:
-			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
 	// expire the runner
-	if len(req.Messages) == 0 && req.KeepAlive != nil && int(req.KeepAlive.Seconds()) == 0 {
-		s.sched.expireRunner(m)
+	if len(req.Messages) == 0 && req.KeepAlive != nil && req.KeepAlive.Duration == 0 {
+		model, err := GetModel(req.Model)
+		if err != nil {
+			switch {
+			case os.IsNotExist(err):
+				c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("model '%s' not found", req.Model)})
+			case err.Error() == errtypes.InvalidModelNameErrMsg:
+				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+			default:
+				c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		s.sched.expireRunner(model)

 		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.ChatResponse{
 			Model:      req.Model,
@@ -1790,83 +1578,6 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" && m.Config.RemoteModel != "" {
-		origModel := req.Model
-
-		remoteURL, err := url.Parse(m.Config.RemoteHost)
-		if err != nil {
-			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-			return
-		}
-
-		if !slices.Contains(envconfig.Remotes(), remoteURL.Hostname()) {
-			slog.Info("remote model", "remotes", envconfig.Remotes(), "remoteURL", m.Config.RemoteHost, "hostname", remoteURL.Hostname())
-			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "this server cannot run this remote model"})
-			return
-		}
-
-		req.Model = m.Config.RemoteModel
-		if req.Options == nil {
-			req.Options = map[string]any{}
-		}
-
-		msgs := append(m.Messages, req.Messages...)
-		if req.Messages[0].Role != "system" && m.System != "" {
-			msgs = append([]api.Message{{Role: "system", Content: m.System}}, msgs...)
-		}
-		msgs = filterThinkTags(msgs, m)
-		req.Messages = msgs
-
-		for k, v := range m.Options {
-			if _, ok := req.Options[k]; !ok {
-				req.Options[k] = v
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn := func(resp api.ChatResponse) error {
-			resp.Model = origModel
-			resp.RemoteModel = m.Config.RemoteModel
-			resp.RemoteHost = m.Config.RemoteHost
-
-			data, err := json.Marshal(resp)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			if _, err = c.Writer.Write(append(data, '\n')); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			c.Writer.Flush()
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		client := api.NewClient(remoteURL, http.DefaultClient)
-		err = client.Chat(c, &req, fn)
-		if err != nil {
-			var authError api.AuthorizationError
-			if errors.As(err, &authError) {
-				sURL, sErr := signinURL()
-				if sErr != nil {
-					slog.Error(sErr.Error())
-					c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "error getting authorization details"})
-					return
-				}
-
-				c.JSON(authError.StatusCode, gin.H{"error": "unauthorized", "signin_url": sURL})
-				return
-			}
-			var apiError api.StatusError
-			if errors.As(err, &apiError) {
-				c.JSON(apiError.StatusCode, apiError)
-				return
-			}
-			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-			return
-		}
-
-		return
-	}
-
 	caps := []model.Capability{model.CapabilityCompletion}
 	if len(req.Tools) > 0 {
 		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityTools)
@@ -1875,6 +1586,17 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityThinking)
 	}

+	name := model.ParseName(req.Model)
+	if !name.IsValid() {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
+		return
+	}
+	name, err := getExistingName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
+		return
+	}
+
 	r, m, opts, err := s.scheduleRunner(c.Request.Context(), name.String(), caps, req.Options, req.KeepAlive)
 	if errors.Is(err, errCapabilityCompletion) {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("%q does not support chat", req.Model)})
@@ -1903,23 +1625,27 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 	msgs = filterThinkTags(msgs, m)

-	if shouldUseHarmony(m) && m.Config.Parser == "" {
-		m.Config.Parser = "harmony"
-	}
+	var harmonyMessageHandler *harmony.HarmonyMessageHandler
+	var harmonyToolParser *harmony.HarmonyToolCallAccumulator
+
+	useHarmony := shouldUseHarmony(m)

-	var builtinParser parsers.Parser
 	processedTools := req.Tools
+	if useHarmony {
+		harmonyMessageHandler = harmony.NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
+		var lastMessage *api.Message
+		if len(msgs) > 0 {
+			lastMessage = &msgs[len(msgs)-1]
+		}
+		harmonyMessageHandler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(lastMessage)
+		harmonyToolParser = harmonyMessageHandler.CreateToolParser()

-	if m.Config.Parser != "" {
-		builtinParser = parsers.ParserForName(m.Config.Parser)
-		if builtinParser != nil {
-			// Determine last message for chat prefill
-			var lastMessage *api.Message
-			if len(msgs) > 0 {
-				lastMessage = &msgs[len(msgs)-1]
-			}
-			// Initialize parser and get processed tools
-			processedTools = builtinParser.Init(req.Tools, lastMessage)
+		// make a copy of tools to pass to the chat prompt. Function names may be
+		// renamed to be valid Harmony function names.
+		processedTools = make([]api.Tool, len(req.Tools))
+		copy(processedTools, req.Tools)
+		for i, tool := range processedTools {
+			processedTools[i].Function.Name = harmonyMessageHandler.FunctionNameMap.ConvertAndAdd(tool.Function.Name)
 		}
 	}

@@ -1932,10 +1658,10 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {

 	// If debug mode is enabled, return the rendered template instead of calling the model
 	if req.DebugRenderOnly {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.ChatResponse{
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.DebugTemplateResponse{
 			Model:     req.Model,
 			CreatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
-			DebugInfo: &api.DebugInfo{
+			DebugInfo: api.DebugInfo{
 				RenderedTemplate: prompt,
 				ImageCount:       len(images),
 			},
@@ -1943,8 +1669,8 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for harmony/gptoss models
-	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && m.Config.Parser != "harmony" {
+	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for gptoss models
+	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && !useHarmony {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("think value %q is not supported for this model", req.Think.String())})
 		return
 	}
@@ -1963,7 +1689,7 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}

 	var toolParser *tools.Parser
-	if len(req.Tools) > 0 && (builtinParser == nil || !builtinParser.HasToolSupport()) {
+	if len(req.Tools) > 0 && !useHarmony {
 		toolParser = tools.NewParser(m.Template.Template, req.Tools)
 	}

@@ -1995,24 +1721,30 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				res.LoadDuration = checkpointLoaded.Sub(checkpointStart)
 			}

-			if builtinParser != nil {
-				slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "builtin parser input", "parser", m.Config.Parser, "content", r.Content)
-
-				content, thinking, toolCalls, err := builtinParser.Add(r.Content, r.Done)
-				if err != nil {
-					ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
-					return
-				}
-
+			if useHarmony {
+				content, thinking, toolContent := harmonyMessageHandler.AddContent(r.Content, harmonyToolParser)
 				res.Message.Content = content
 				res.Message.Thinking = thinking
-				res.Message.ToolCalls = toolCalls
+				harmonyToolParser.Add(toolContent)

-				if res.Message.Content != "" || res.Message.Thinking != "" || len(res.Message.ToolCalls) > 0 || r.Done {
-					slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "builtin parser output", "parser", m.Config.Parser, "content", content, "thinking", thinking, "toolCalls", toolCalls, "done", r.Done)
+				if r.Done {
+					toolName, toolContent := harmonyToolParser.Drain()
+					if toolName != nil {
+						*toolName = strings.TrimPrefix(*toolName, "functions.")
+						*toolName = harmonyMessageHandler.FunctionNameMap.OriginalFromConverted(*toolName)
+						var args api.ToolCallFunctionArguments
+						if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(toolContent), &args); err != nil {
+							errStr := fmt.Sprintf("error parsing tool call: raw='%s', err=%s", toolContent, err.Error())
+							ch <- gin.H{"error": errStr}
+							return
+						}
+						res.Message.ToolCalls = []api.ToolCall{{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{Name: *toolName, Arguments: args}}}
+					}
+				}
+
+				// only send messages with meaningful content (empty messages confuse clients)
+				if res.Message.Content != "" || res.Message.Thinking != "" || len(res.Message.ToolCalls) > 0 || res.Done {
 					ch <- res
-				} else {
-					slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "builtin parser empty output", "parser", m.Config.Parser)
 				}

 				return
--- a/server/routes_create_test.go
+++ b/server/routes_create_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"reflect"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
 )

 var stream bool = false
@@ -617,78 +615,6 @@ func TestCreateTemplateSystem(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }

-func TestCreateAndShowRemoteModel(t *testing.T) {
-	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
-
-	var s Server
-
-	w := createRequest(t, s.CreateHandler, api.CreateRequest{
-		Model:      "test",
-		From:       "bob",
-		RemoteHost: "https://ollama.com",
-		Info: map[string]any{
-			"capabilities":       []string{"completion", "tools", "thinking"},
-			"model_family":       "gptoss",
-			"context_length":     131072,
-			"embedding_length":   2880,
-			"quantization_level": "MXFP4",
-			"parameter_size":     "20.9B",
-		},
-		Stream: &stream,
-	})
-
-	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-		t.Fatalf("exected status code 200, actual %d", w.Code)
-	}
-
-	w = createRequest(t, s.ShowHandler, api.ShowRequest{Model: "test"})
-	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-		t.Fatalf("exected status code 200, actual %d", w.Code)
-	}
-
-	var resp api.ShowResponse
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(w.Body).Decode(&resp); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	expectedDetails := api.ModelDetails{
-		ParentModel:       "",
-		Format:            "",
-		Family:            "gptoss",
-		Families:          []string{"gptoss"},
-		ParameterSize:     "20.9B",
-		QuantizationLevel: "MXFP4",
-	}
-
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(resp.Details, expectedDetails) {
-		t.Errorf("model details: expected %#v, actual %#v", expectedDetails, resp.Details)
-	}
-
-	expectedCaps := []model.Capability{
-		model.Capability("completion"),
-		model.Capability("tools"),
-		model.Capability("thinking"),
-	}
-
-	if !slices.Equal(resp.Capabilities, expectedCaps) {
-		t.Errorf("capabilities: expected %#v, actual %#v", expectedCaps, resp.Capabilities)
-	}
-
-	v, ok := resp.ModelInfo["gptoss.context_length"]
-	ctxlen := v.(float64)
-	if !ok || int(ctxlen) != 131072 {
-		t.Errorf("context len: expected %d, actual %d", 131072, int(ctxlen))
-	}
-
-	v, ok = resp.ModelInfo["gptoss.embedding_length"]
-	embedlen := v.(float64)
-	if !ok || int(embedlen) != 2880 {
-		t.Errorf("embed len: expected %d, actual %d", 2880, int(embedlen))
-	}
-
-	fmt.Printf("resp = %#v\n", resp)
-}
-
 func TestCreateLicenses(t *testing.T) {
 	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)

--- a/server/routes_debug_test.go
+++ b/server/routes_debug_test.go
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ func TestGenerateDebugRenderOnly(t *testing.T) {
 						t.Errorf("expected status %d, got %d, body: %s", http.StatusOK, w.Code, w.Body.String())
 					}

-					var response api.GenerateResponse
+					var response api.DebugTemplateResponse
 					if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &response); err != nil {
 						t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal response: %v", err)
 					}
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ func TestChatDebugRenderOnly(t *testing.T) {
 						t.Errorf("expected status %d, got %d, body: %s", http.StatusOK, w.Code, w.Body.String())
 					}

-					var response api.ChatResponse
+					var response api.DebugTemplateResponse
 					if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &response); err != nil {
 						t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal response: %v", err)
 					}
--- a/server/routes_test.go
+++ b/server/routes_test.go
@@ -126,15 +126,7 @@ func TestRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("failed to create model: %v", err)
 		}

-		config := &ConfigV2{
-			OS:           "linux",
-			Architecture: "amd64",
-			RootFS: RootFS{
-				Type: "layers",
-			},
-		}
-
-		if err := createModel(r, modelName, baseLayers, config, fn); err != nil {
+		if err := createModel(r, modelName, baseLayers, fn); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
--- a/server/sched.go
+++ b/server/sched.go
@@ -382,7 +382,10 @@ func (pending *LlmRequest) useLoadedRunner(runner *runnerRef, finished chan *Llm
 // load creates a new model based on req and loads it. If requireFull is true then the model must be loaded fully onto GPUs
 // (if any). Returns whether the scheduler needs to evict a model to make this one fit.
 func (s *Scheduler) load(req *LlmRequest, f *ggml.GGML, gpus discover.GpuInfoList, requireFull bool) bool {
-	numParallel := max(int(envconfig.NumParallel()), 1)
+	numParallel := int(envconfig.NumParallel())
+	if numParallel < 1 {
+		numParallel = 1
+	}

 	// Embedding models should always be loaded with parallel=1
 	if req.model.CheckCapabilities(model.CapabilityCompletion) != nil {
--- a/tools/tools.go
+++ b/tools/tools.go
@@ -273,21 +273,9 @@ func findArguments(buffer []byte) (map[string]any, int) {
 						if args, ok := obj["arguments"].(map[string]any); ok {
 							return args, true
 						}
-						if argsStr, ok := obj["arguments"].(string); ok {
-							var argsData map[string]interface{}
-							if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(argsStr), &argsData); err == nil {
-								return argsData, ok
-							}
-						}
 						if args, ok := obj["parameters"].(map[string]any); ok {
 							return args, true
 						}
-						if argsStr, ok := obj["parameters"].(string); ok {
-							var argsData map[string]interface{}
-							if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(argsStr), &argsData); err == nil {
-								return argsData, ok
-							}
-						}
 						return nil, true
 					}

--- a/tools/tools_test.go
+++ b/tools/tools_test.go
@@ -1274,22 +1274,6 @@ func TestFindArguments(t *testing.T) {
 				"items": []any{"{", "}", map[string]any{"key": "value"}},
 			},
 		},
-		{
-			name:   "stringified arguments",
-			buffer: []byte(`{"name": "get_temperature", "arguments": "{\"format\": \"fahrenheit\", \"location\": \"San Francisco, CA\"}"}`),
-			want: map[string]any{
-				"format":   "fahrenheit",
-				"location": "San Francisco, CA",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name:   "stringified parameters",
-			buffer: []byte(`{"name": "get_temperature", "parameters": "{\"format\": \"fahrenheit\", \"location\": \"San Francisco, CA\"}"}`),
-			want: map[string]any{
-				"format":   "fahrenheit",
-				"location": "San Francisco, CA",
-			},
-		},
 	}

 	for _, tt := range tests {