prefer ollama engine for qwen3moe (#12374)

harmony: don't sanitize built-ins

.github/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -65,14 +65,36 @@ jobs:
             arch: amd64
             preset: 'CUDA 12'
             install: https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/12.8.0/local_installers/cuda_12.8.0_571.96_windows.exe
+            cuda-components:
+              - '"cudart"'
+              - '"nvcc"'
+              - '"cublas"'
+              - '"cublas_dev"'
             cuda-version: '12.8'
             flags: ''
+            runner_dir: 'cuda_v12'
+          - os: windows
+            arch: amd64
+            preset: 'CUDA 13'
+            install: https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/13.0.0/local_installers/cuda_13.0.0_windows.exe
+            cuda-components:
+              - '"cudart"'
+              - '"nvcc"'
+              - '"cublas"'
+              - '"cublas_dev"'
+              - '"crt"'
+              - '"nvvm"'
+              - '"nvptxcompiler"'
+            cuda-version: '13.0'
+            flags: ''
+            runner_dir: 'cuda_v13'
           - os: windows
             arch: amd64
             preset: 'ROCm 6'
             install: https://download.amd.com/developer/eula/rocm-hub/AMD-Software-PRO-Edition-24.Q4-WinSvr2022-For-HIP.exe
             rocm-version: '6.2'
             flags: '-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-parallel-jobs=4 -Wno-ignored-attributes -Wno-deprecated-pragma" -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-parallel-jobs=4 -Wno-ignored-attributes -Wno-deprecated-pragma"'
+            runner_dir: ''
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.arch == 'arm64' && format('{0}-{1}', matrix.os, matrix.arch) || matrix.os }}
     environment: release
     env:
@@ -96,7 +118,7 @@ jobs:
           $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
           if ("${{ steps.cache-install.outputs.cache-hit }}" -ne 'true') {
             Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "${{ matrix.install }}" -OutFile "install.exe"
-            $subpackages = @("cudart", "nvcc", "cublas", "cublas_dev") | Foreach-Object {"${_}_${{ matrix.cuda-version }}"}
+            $subpackages = @(${{ join(matrix.cuda-components, ', ') }}) | Foreach-Object {"${_}_${{ matrix.cuda-version }}"}
             Start-Process -FilePath .\install.exe -ArgumentList (@("-s") + $subpackages) -NoNewWindow -Wait
           }
 
@@ -138,7 +160,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           Import-Module 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\Common7\Tools\Microsoft.VisualStudio.DevShell.dll'
           Enter-VsDevShell -VsInstallPath 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise' -SkipAutomaticLocation  -DevCmdArguments '-arch=x64 -no_logo'
-          cmake --preset "${{ matrix.preset }}" ${{ matrix.flags }}
+          cmake --preset "${{ matrix.preset }}" ${{ matrix.flags }} -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="${{ matrix.runner_dir }}"
           cmake --build --parallel --preset "${{ matrix.preset }}"
           cmake --install build --component "${{ startsWith(matrix.preset, 'CUDA ') && 'CUDA' || startsWith(matrix.preset, 'ROCm ') && 'HIP' || 'CPU' }}" --strip --parallel 8
         env:
@@ -232,7 +254,7 @@ jobs:
             case "$COMPONENT" in
               bin/ollama)                echo $COMPONENT >>ollama-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}.tar.in ;;
               lib/ollama/*.so*)          echo $COMPONENT >>ollama-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}.tar.in ;;
-              lib/ollama/cuda_sbsa)      echo $COMPONENT >>ollama-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}.tar.in ;;
+              lib/ollama/cuda_v*)        echo $COMPONENT >>ollama-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}.tar.in ;;
               lib/ollama/cuda_jetpack5)  echo $COMPONENT >>ollama-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-jetpack5.tar.in ;;
               lib/ollama/cuda_jetpack6)  echo $COMPONENT >>ollama-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-jetpack6.tar.in ;;
               lib/ollama/rocm)           echo $COMPONENT >>ollama-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-rocm.tar.in ;;

.github/workflows/test.yaml

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - preset: CPU
           - preset: CUDA
-            container: nvidia/cuda:12.8.1-devel-ubuntu22.04
+            container: nvidia/cuda:13.0.0-devel-ubuntu22.04
             flags: '-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=87'
           - preset: ROCm
             container: rocm/dev-ubuntu-22.04:6.1.2
@@ -78,8 +78,17 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - preset: CPU
           - preset: CUDA
-            install: https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/12.8.0/local_installers/cuda_12.8.0_571.96_windows.exe
+            install: https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/13.0.0/local_installers/cuda_13.0.0_windows.exe
             flags: '-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=80'
+            cuda-components:
+              - '"cudart"'
+              - '"nvcc"'
+              - '"cublas"'
+              - '"cublas_dev"'
+              - '"crt"'
+              - '"nvvm"'
+              - '"nvptxcompiler"'
+            cuda-version: '13.0'
           - preset: ROCm
             install: https://download.amd.com/developer/eula/rocm-hub/AMD-Software-PRO-Edition-24.Q4-WinSvr2022-For-HIP.exe
             flags: '-DAMDGPU_TARGETS=gfx1010 -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-parallel-jobs=4 -Wno-ignored-attributes -Wno-deprecated-pragma" -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-parallel-jobs=4 -Wno-ignored-attributes -Wno-deprecated-pragma"'
@@ -102,7 +111,8 @@ jobs:
           $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
           if ("${{ steps.cache-install.outputs.cache-hit }}" -ne 'true') {
             Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "${{ matrix.install }}" -OutFile "install.exe"
-            Start-Process -FilePath .\install.exe -ArgumentList (@("-s", "cudart_12.8", "nvcc_12.8", "cublas_12.8", "cublas_dev_12.8")) -NoNewWindow -Wait
+            $subpackages = @(${{ join(matrix.cuda-components, ', ') }}) | Foreach-Object {"${_}_${{ matrix.cuda-version }}"}
+            Start-Process -FilePath .\install.exe -ArgumentList (@("-s") + $subpackages) -NoNewWindow -Wait
           }
 
           $cudaPath = (Resolve-Path "C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\*").path

.gitignore

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 dist
 build
 .cache
+.gocache
 *.exe
 .idea
 test_data

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ if (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES MATCHES "x86_64")
 endif()
 
 set(OLLAMA_BUILD_DIR ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/ollama)
-set(OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib/ollama)
+set(OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib/ollama/${OLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR})
 
 set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY         ${OLLAMA_BUILD_DIR})
 set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_DEBUG   ${OLLAMA_BUILD_DIR})
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ if(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER)
     add_subdirectory(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src/ggml-cuda)
     install(TARGETS ggml-cuda
         RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES
-            DIRECTORIES ${CUDAToolkit_BIN_DIR} ${CUDAToolkit_LIBRARY_DIR}
+            DIRECTORIES ${CUDAToolkit_BIN_DIR} ${CUDAToolkit_BIN_DIR}/x64 ${CUDAToolkit_LIBRARY_DIR}
             PRE_INCLUDE_REGEXES cublas cublasLt cudart
             PRE_EXCLUDE_REGEXES ".*"
         RUNTIME DESTINATION ${OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR} COMPONENT CUDA

CMakePresets.json

@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@
       "name": "CUDA",
       "inherits": [ "Default" ]
     },
+    {
+      "name": "CUDA 11",
+      "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],
+      "cacheVariables": {
+        "CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES": "50-virtual;60-virtual;61-virtual;70-virtual;75-virtual;80-virtual;86-virtual;87-virtual;89-virtual;90-virtual",
+        "CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS": "-Wno-deprecated-gpu-targets -t 2"
+      }
+    },
     {
       "name": "CUDA 12",
       "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],
@@ -26,6 +34,14 @@
         "CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS": "-Wno-deprecated-gpu-targets -t 2"
       }
     },
+    {
+      "name": "CUDA 13",
+      "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],
+      "cacheVariables": {
+        "CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES": "75-virtual;80-virtual;86-virtual;87-virtual;89-virtual;90-virtual;90a-virtual;100-virtual;110-virtual;120-virtual;121-virtual",
+        "CMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS": "-t 2"
+      }
+    },
     {
       "name": "JetPack 5",
       "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],
@@ -72,11 +88,21 @@
       "configurePreset": "CUDA",
       "targets": [ "ggml-cuda" ]
     },
+    {
+      "name": "CUDA 11",
+      "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],
+      "configurePreset": "CUDA 11"
+    },
     {
       "name": "CUDA 12",
       "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],
       "configurePreset": "CUDA 12"
     },
+    {
+      "name": "CUDA 13",
+      "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],
+      "configurePreset": "CUDA 13"
+    },
     {
       "name": "JetPack 5",
       "inherits": [ "CUDA" ],

Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # vim: filetype=dockerfile
 
 ARG FLAVOR=${TARGETARCH}
+ARG PARALLEL=8
 
 ARG ROCMVERSION=6.3.3
 ARG JETPACK5VERSION=r35.4.1
@@ -34,26 +35,51 @@ ENV LDFLAGS=-s
 FROM base AS cpu
 RUN dnf install -y gcc-toolset-11-gcc gcc-toolset-11-gcc-c++
 ENV PATH=/opt/rh/gcc-toolset-11/root/usr/bin:$PATH
+ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
     cmake --preset 'CPU' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'CPU' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CPU --strip --parallel 8
+        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CPU' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CPU --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+
+FROM base AS cuda-11
+ARG CUDA11VERSION=11.8
+RUN dnf install -y cuda-toolkit-${CUDA11VERSION//./-}
+ENV PATH=/usr/local/cuda-11/bin:$PATH
+ARG PARALLEL
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
+    cmake --preset 'CUDA 11' -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v11" \
+        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CUDA 11' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
 
 FROM base AS cuda-12
 ARG CUDA12VERSION=12.8
 RUN dnf install -y cuda-toolkit-${CUDA12VERSION//./-}
 ENV PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12/bin:$PATH
+ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
-    cmake --preset 'CUDA 12' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'CUDA 12' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8
+    cmake --preset 'CUDA 12' -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v12"\
+        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CUDA 12' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+
+
+FROM base AS cuda-13
+ARG CUDA13VERSION=13.0
+RUN dnf install -y cuda-toolkit-${CUDA13VERSION//./-}
+ENV PATH=/usr/local/cuda-13/bin:$PATH
+ARG PARALLEL
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
+    cmake --preset 'CUDA 13' -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v13" \
+        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'CUDA 13' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
+
 
 FROM base AS rocm-6
 ENV PATH=/opt/rocm/hcc/bin:/opt/rocm/hip/bin:/opt/rocm/bin:/opt/rocm/hcc/bin:$PATH
+ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
     cmake --preset 'ROCm 6' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'ROCm 6' \
-        && cmake --install build --component HIP --strip --parallel 8
+        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'ROCm 6' \
+        && cmake --install build --component HIP --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
 
 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 nvcr.io/nvidia/l4t-jetpack:${JETPACK5VERSION} AS jetpack-5
 ARG CMAKEVERSION
@@ -61,10 +87,11 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl ccache \
     && curl -fsSL https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v${CMAKEVERSION}/cmake-${CMAKEVERSION}-linux-$(uname -m).tar.gz | tar xz -C /usr/local --strip-components 1
 COPY CMakeLists.txt CMakePresets.json .
 COPY ml/backend/ggml/ggml ml/backend/ggml/ggml
+ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
     cmake --preset 'JetPack 5' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'JetPack 5' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8
+        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'JetPack 5' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
 
 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 nvcr.io/nvidia/l4t-jetpack:${JETPACK6VERSION} AS jetpack-6
 ARG CMAKEVERSION
@@ -72,10 +99,11 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl ccache \
     && curl -fsSL https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v${CMAKEVERSION}/cmake-${CMAKEVERSION}-linux-$(uname -m).tar.gz | tar xz -C /usr/local --strip-components 1
 COPY CMakeLists.txt CMakePresets.json .
 COPY ml/backend/ggml/ggml ml/backend/ggml/ggml
+ARG PARALLEL
 RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
     cmake --preset 'JetPack 6' \
-        && cmake --build --parallel --preset 'JetPack 6' \
-        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8
+        && cmake --build --parallel ${PARALLEL} --preset 'JetPack 6' \
+        && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel ${PARALLEL}
 
 FROM base AS build
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama
@@ -92,10 +120,14 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/go-build \
     go build -trimpath -buildmode=pie -o /bin/ollama .
 
 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 scratch AS amd64
-COPY --from=cuda-12 dist/lib/ollama /lib/ollama
+# COPY --from=cuda-11 dist/lib/ollama/ /lib/ollama/
+COPY --from=cuda-12 dist/lib/ollama /lib/ollama/
+COPY --from=cuda-13 dist/lib/ollama/ /lib/ollama/
 
 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 scratch AS arm64
-COPY --from=cuda-12 dist/lib/ollama /lib/ollama/cuda_sbsa
+# COPY --from=cuda-11 dist/lib/ollama/ /lib/ollama/
+COPY --from=cuda-12 dist/lib/ollama /lib/ollama/
+COPY --from=cuda-13 dist/lib/ollama/ /lib/ollama/
 COPY --from=jetpack-5 dist/lib/ollama /lib/ollama/cuda_jetpack5
 COPY --from=jetpack-6 dist/lib/ollama /lib/ollama/cuda_jetpack6
 

README.md

@@ -414,6 +414,7 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [Serene Pub](https://github.com/doolijb/serene-pub) (Beginner friendly, open source AI Roleplaying App for Windows, Mac OS and Linux. Search, download and use models with Ollama all inside the app.)
 - [Andes](https://github.com/aqerd/andes) (A Visual Studio Code extension that provides a local UI interface for Ollama models)
 - [Clueless](https://github.com/KashyapTan/clueless) (Open Source & Local Cluely: A desktop application LLM assistant to help you talk to anything on your screen using locally served Ollama models. Also undetectable to screenshare)
+- [ollama-co2](https://github.com/carbonatedWaterOrg/ollama-co2) (FastAPI web interface for monitoring and managing local and remote Ollama servers with real-time model monitoring and concurrent downloads)
 
 ### Cloud
 

api/client.go

@@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ func checkError(resp *http.Response, body []byte) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
+		authError := AuthorizationError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+		json.Unmarshal(body, &authError)
+		return authError
+	}
+
 	apiError := StatusError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
 
 	err := json.Unmarshal(body, &apiError)
@@ -214,7 +220,8 @@ func (c *Client) stream(ctx context.Context, method, path string, data any, fn f
 	scanner.Buffer(scanBuf, maxBufferSize)
 	for scanner.Scan() {
 		var errorResponse struct {
-			Error string `json:"error,omitempty"`
+			Error     string `json:"error,omitempty"`
+			SigninURL string `json:"signin_url,omitempty"`
 		}
 
 		bts := scanner.Bytes()
@@ -222,7 +229,13 @@ func (c *Client) stream(ctx context.Context, method, path string, data any, fn f
 			return fmt.Errorf("unmarshal: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		if response.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
+		if response.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
+			return AuthorizationError{
+				StatusCode: response.StatusCode,
+				Status:     response.Status,
+				SigninURL:  errorResponse.SigninURL,
+			}
+		} else if response.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
 			return StatusError{
 				StatusCode:   response.StatusCode,
 				Status:       response.Status,
@@ -428,3 +441,21 @@ func (c *Client) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
 
 	return version.Version, nil
 }
+
+// Signout will signout a client for a local ollama server.
+func (c *Client) Signout(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/signout", nil, nil)
+}
+
+// Disconnect will disconnect an ollama instance from ollama.com.
+func (c *Client) Disconnect(ctx context.Context, encodedKey string) error {
+	return c.do(ctx, http.MethodDelete, fmt.Sprintf("/api/user/keys/%s", encodedKey), nil, nil)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) Whoami(ctx context.Context) (*UserResponse, error) {
+	var resp UserResponse
+	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/me", nil, &resp); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &resp, nil
+}

api/types.go

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
 )
@@ -36,6 +38,19 @@ func (e StatusError) Error() string {
 	}
 }
 
+type AuthorizationError struct {
+	StatusCode int
+	Status     string
+	SigninURL  string `json:"signin_url"`
+}
+
+func (e AuthorizationError) Error() string {
+	if e.Status != "" {
+		return e.Status
+	}
+	return "something went wrong, please see the ollama server logs for details"
+}
+
 // ImageData represents the raw binary data of an image file.
 type ImageData []byte
 
@@ -313,13 +328,29 @@ func (t *ToolFunction) String() string {
 // ChatResponse is the response returned by [Client.Chat]. Its fields are
 // similar to [GenerateResponse].
 type ChatResponse struct {
-	Model      string    `json:"model"`
-	CreatedAt  time.Time `json:"created_at"`
-	Message    Message   `json:"message"`
-	DoneReason string    `json:"done_reason,omitempty"`
+	// Model is the model name that generated the response.
+	Model string `json:"model"`
 
+	// RemoteModel is the name of the upstream model that generated the response.
+	RemoteModel string `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
+
+	// RemoteHost is the URL of the upstream Ollama host that generated the response.
+	RemoteHost string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
+
+	// CreatedAt is the timestamp of the response.
+	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+
+	// Message contains the message or part of a message from the model.
+	Message Message `json:"message"`
+
+	// Done specifies if the response is complete.
 	Done bool `json:"done"`
 
+	// DoneReason is the reason the model stopped generating text.
+	DoneReason string `json:"done_reason,omitempty"`
+
+	DebugInfo *DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info,omitempty"`
+
 	Metrics
 }
 
@@ -329,13 +360,6 @@ type DebugInfo struct {
 	ImageCount       int    `json:"image_count,omitempty"`
 }
 
-// DebugTemplateResponse is returned when _debug_render_only is set to true
-type DebugTemplateResponse struct {
-	Model     string    `json:"model"`
-	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
-	DebugInfo DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info"`
-}
-
 type Metrics struct {
 	TotalDuration      time.Duration `json:"total_duration,omitempty"`
 	LoadDuration       time.Duration `json:"load_duration,omitempty"`
@@ -388,8 +412,12 @@ type EmbedRequest struct {
 	// this request.
 	KeepAlive *Duration `json:"keep_alive,omitempty"`
 
+	// Truncate truncates the input to fit the model's max sequence length.
 	Truncate *bool `json:"truncate,omitempty"`
 
+	// Dimensions truncates the output embedding to the specified dimension.
+	Dimensions int `json:"dimensions,omitempty"`
+
 	// Options lists model-specific options.
 	Options map[string]any `json:"options"`
 }
@@ -427,18 +455,47 @@ type EmbeddingResponse struct {
 
 // CreateRequest is the request passed to [Client.Create].
 type CreateRequest struct {
-	Model    string `json:"model"`
-	Stream   *bool  `json:"stream,omitempty"`
+	// Model is the model name to create.
+	Model string `json:"model"`
+
+	// Stream specifies whether the response is streaming; it is true by default.
+	Stream *bool `json:"stream,omitempty"`
+
+	// Quantize is the quantization format for the model; leave blank to not change the quantization level.
 	Quantize string `json:"quantize,omitempty"`
 
-	From       string            `json:"from,omitempty"`
-	Files      map[string]string `json:"files,omitempty"`
-	Adapters   map[string]string `json:"adapters,omitempty"`
-	Template   string            `json:"template,omitempty"`
-	License    any               `json:"license,omitempty"`
-	System     string            `json:"system,omitempty"`
-	Parameters map[string]any    `json:"parameters,omitempty"`
-	Messages   []Message         `json:"messages,omitempty"`
+	// From is the name of the model or file to use as the source.
+	From string `json:"from,omitempty"`
+
+	// RemoteHost is the URL of the upstream ollama API for the model (if any).
+	RemoteHost string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
+
+	// Files is a map of files include when creating the model.
+	Files map[string]string `json:"files,omitempty"`
+
+	// Adapters is a map of LoRA adapters to include when creating the model.
+	Adapters map[string]string `json:"adapters,omitempty"`
+
+	// Template is the template used when constructing a request to the model.
+	Template string `json:"template,omitempty"`
+
+	// License is a string or list of strings for licenses.
+	License any `json:"license,omitempty"`
+
+	// System is the system prompt for the model.
+	System string `json:"system,omitempty"`
+
+	// Parameters is a map of hyper-parameters which are applied to the model.
+	Parameters map[string]any `json:"parameters,omitempty"`
+
+	// Messages is a list of messages added to the model before chat and generation requests.
+	Messages []Message `json:"messages,omitempty"`
+
+	Renderer string `json:"renderer,omitempty"`
+	Parser   string `json:"parser,omitempty"`
+
+	// Info is a map of additional information for the model
+	Info map[string]any `json:"info,omitempty"`
 
 	// Deprecated: set the model name with Model instead
 	Name string `json:"name"`
@@ -476,8 +533,12 @@ type ShowResponse struct {
 	Parameters    string             `json:"parameters,omitempty"`
 	Template      string             `json:"template,omitempty"`
 	System        string             `json:"system,omitempty"`
+	Renderer      string             `json:"renderer,omitempty"`
+	Parser        string             `json:"parser,omitempty"`
 	Details       ModelDetails       `json:"details,omitempty"`
 	Messages      []Message          `json:"messages,omitempty"`
+	RemoteModel   string             `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
+	RemoteHost    string             `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
 	ModelInfo     map[string]any     `json:"model_info,omitempty"`
 	ProjectorInfo map[string]any     `json:"projector_info,omitempty"`
 	Tensors       []Tensor           `json:"tensors,omitempty"`
@@ -536,12 +597,14 @@ type ProcessResponse struct {
 
 // ListModelResponse is a single model description in [ListResponse].
 type ListModelResponse struct {
-	Name       string       `json:"name"`
-	Model      string       `json:"model"`
-	ModifiedAt time.Time    `json:"modified_at"`
-	Size       int64        `json:"size"`
-	Digest     string       `json:"digest"`
-	Details    ModelDetails `json:"details,omitempty"`
+	Name        string       `json:"name"`
+	Model       string       `json:"model"`
+	RemoteModel string       `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
+	RemoteHost  string       `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
+	ModifiedAt  time.Time    `json:"modified_at"`
+	Size        int64        `json:"size"`
+	Digest      string       `json:"digest"`
+	Details     ModelDetails `json:"details,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // ProcessModelResponse is a single model description in [ProcessResponse].
@@ -565,6 +628,12 @@ type GenerateResponse struct {
 	// Model is the model name that generated the response.
 	Model string `json:"model"`
 
+	// RemoteModel is the name of the upstream model that generated the response.
+	RemoteModel string `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
+
+	// RemoteHost is the URL of the upstream Ollama host that generated the response.
+	RemoteHost string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
+
 	// CreatedAt is the timestamp of the response.
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
 
@@ -588,6 +657,8 @@ type GenerateResponse struct {
 	Metrics
 
 	ToolCalls []ToolCall `json:"tool_calls,omitempty"`
+
+	DebugInfo *DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // ModelDetails provides details about a model.
@@ -600,6 +671,18 @@ type ModelDetails struct {
 	QuantizationLevel string   `json:"quantization_level"`
 }
 
+// UserResponse provides information about a user.
+type UserResponse struct {
+	ID        uuid.UUID `json:"id"`
+	Email     string    `json:"email"`
+	Name      string    `json:"name"`
+	Bio       string    `json:"bio,omitempty"`
+	AvatarURL string    `json:"avatarurl,omitempty"`
+	FirstName string    `json:"firstname,omitempty"`
+	LastName  string    `json:"lastname,omitempty"`
+	Plan      string    `json:"plan,omitempty"`
+}
+
 // Tensor describes the metadata for a given tensor.
 type Tensor struct {
 	Name  string   `json:"name"`

auth/auth.go

@@ -18,21 +18,13 @@ import (
 
 const defaultPrivateKey = "id_ed25519"
 
-func keyPath() (string, error) {
+func GetPublicKey() (string, error) {
 	home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	return filepath.Join(home, ".ollama", defaultPrivateKey), nil
-}
-
-func GetPublicKey() (string, error) {
-	keyPath, err := keyPath()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
+	keyPath := filepath.Join(home, ".ollama", defaultPrivateKey)
 	privateKeyFile, err := os.ReadFile(keyPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load private key: %v", err))
@@ -59,11 +51,12 @@ func NewNonce(r io.Reader, length int) (string, error) {
 }
 
 func Sign(ctx context.Context, bts []byte) (string, error) {
-	keyPath, err := keyPath()
+	home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
+	keyPath := filepath.Join(home, ".ollama", defaultPrivateKey)
 	privateKeyFile, err := os.ReadFile(keyPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load private key: %v", err))

cmd/cmd.go

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 )
 
+const ConnectInstructions = "To sign in, navigate to:\n    %s\n\n"
+
 // ensureThinkingSupport emits a warning if the model does not advertise thinking support
 func ensureThinkingSupport(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, name string) {
 	if name == "" {
@@ -56,10 +58,8 @@ func ensureThinkingSupport(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, name string)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	for _, cap := range resp.Capabilities {
-		if cap == model.CapabilityThinking {
-			return
-		}
+	if slices.Contains(resp.Capabilities, model.CapabilityThinking) {
+		return
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "warning: model %q does not support thinking output\n", name)
 }
@@ -288,7 +288,17 @@ func loadOrUnloadModel(cmd *cobra.Command, opts *runOptions) error {
 		Think: opts.Think,
 	}
 
-	return client.Generate(cmd.Context(), req, func(api.GenerateResponse) error { return nil })
+	return client.Generate(cmd.Context(), req, func(r api.GenerateResponse) error {
+		if r.RemoteModel != "" && opts.ShowConnect {
+			p.StopAndClear()
+			if strings.HasPrefix(r.RemoteHost, "https://ollama.com") {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Connecting to '%s' on 'ollama.com' ⚡\n", r.RemoteModel)
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Connecting to '%s' on '%s'\n", r.RemoteModel, r.RemoteHost)
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
 }
 
 func StopHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -309,9 +319,10 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	interactive := true
 
 	opts := runOptions{
-		Model:    args[0],
-		WordWrap: os.Getenv("TERM") == "xterm-256color",
-		Options:  map[string]any{},
+		Model:       args[0],
+		WordWrap:    os.Getenv("TERM") == "xterm-256color",
+		Options:     map[string]any{},
+		ShowConnect: true,
 	}
 
 	format, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("format")
@@ -369,6 +380,7 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		}
 
 		prompts = append([]string{string(in)}, prompts...)
+		opts.ShowConnect = false
 		opts.WordWrap = false
 		interactive = false
 	}
@@ -435,6 +447,15 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 
 	if interactive {
 		if err := loadOrUnloadModel(cmd, &opts); err != nil {
+			var sErr api.AuthorizationError
+			if errors.As(err, &sErr) && sErr.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
+				fmt.Printf("You need to be signed in to Ollama to run Cloud models.\n\n")
+
+				if sErr.SigninURL != "" {
+					fmt.Printf(ConnectInstructions, sErr.SigninURL)
+				}
+				return nil
+			}
 			return err
 		}
 
@@ -455,6 +476,59 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	return generate(cmd, opts)
 }
 
+func SigninHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	user, err := client.Whoami(cmd.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		var aErr api.AuthorizationError
+		if errors.As(err, &aErr) && aErr.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
+			fmt.Println("You need to be signed in to Ollama to run Cloud models.")
+			fmt.Println()
+
+			if aErr.SigninURL != "" {
+				fmt.Printf(ConnectInstructions, aErr.SigninURL)
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if user != nil && user.Name != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("You are already signed in as user '%s'\n", user.Name)
+		fmt.Println()
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func SignoutHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = client.Signout(cmd.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		var aErr api.AuthorizationError
+		if errors.As(err, &aErr) && aErr.StatusCode == http.StatusUnauthorized {
+			fmt.Println("You are not signed in to ollama.com")
+			fmt.Println()
+			return nil
+		} else {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("You have signed out of ollama.com")
+	fmt.Println()
+	return nil
+}
+
 func PushHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -507,7 +581,8 @@ func PushHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		if spinner != nil {
 			spinner.Stop()
 		}
-		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "access denied") {
+		errStr := strings.ToLower(err.Error())
+		if strings.Contains(errStr, "access denied") || strings.Contains(errStr, "unauthorized") {
 			return errors.New("you are not authorized to push to this namespace, create the model under a namespace you own")
 		}
 		return err
@@ -541,7 +616,14 @@ func ListHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 
 	for _, m := range models.Models {
 		if len(args) == 0 || strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(m.Name), strings.ToLower(args[0])) {
-			data = append(data, []string{m.Name, m.Digest[:12], format.HumanBytes(m.Size), format.HumanTime(m.ModifiedAt, "Never")})
+			var size string
+			if m.RemoteModel != "" {
+				size = "-"
+			} else {
+				size = format.HumanBytes(m.Size)
+			}
+
+			data = append(data, []string{m.Name, m.Digest[:12], size, format.HumanTime(m.ModifiedAt, "Never")})
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -626,8 +708,8 @@ func DeleteHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 0},
 	}
 	if err := loadOrUnloadModel(cmd, opts); err != nil {
-		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
-			return fmt.Errorf("unable to stop existing running model \"%s\": %s", args[0], err)
+		if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "not found") {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Warning: unable to stop model '%s'\n", args[0])
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -738,12 +820,36 @@ func showInfo(resp *api.ShowResponse, verbose bool, w io.Writer) error {
 	}
 
 	tableRender("Model", func() (rows [][]string) {
+		if resp.RemoteHost != "" {
+			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "Remote model", resp.RemoteModel})
+			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "Remote URL", resp.RemoteHost})
+		}
+
 		if resp.ModelInfo != nil {
 			arch := resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"].(string)
 			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "architecture", arch})
-			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "parameters", format.HumanNumber(uint64(resp.ModelInfo["general.parameter_count"].(float64)))})
-			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "context length", strconv.FormatFloat(resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", arch)].(float64), 'f', -1, 64)})
-			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "embedding length", strconv.FormatFloat(resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.embedding_length", arch)].(float64), 'f', -1, 64)})
+
+			var paramStr string
+			if resp.Details.ParameterSize != "" {
+				paramStr = resp.Details.ParameterSize
+			} else if v, ok := resp.ModelInfo["general.parameter_count"]; ok {
+				if f, ok := v.(float64); ok {
+					paramStr = format.HumanNumber(uint64(f))
+				}
+			}
+			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "parameters", paramStr})
+
+			if v, ok := resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", arch)]; ok {
+				if f, ok := v.(float64); ok {
+					rows = append(rows, []string{"", "context length", strconv.FormatFloat(f, 'f', -1, 64)})
+				}
+			}
+
+			if v, ok := resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.embedding_length", arch)]; ok {
+				if f, ok := v.(float64); ok {
+					rows = append(rows, []string{"", "embedding length", strconv.FormatFloat(f, 'f', -1, 64)})
+				}
+			}
 		} else {
 			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "architecture", resp.Details.Family})
 			rows = append(rows, []string{"", "parameters", resp.Details.ParameterSize})
@@ -991,6 +1097,7 @@ type runOptions struct {
 	KeepAlive    *api.Duration
 	Think        *api.ThinkValue
 	HideThinking bool
+	ShowConnect  bool
 }
 
 type displayResponseState struct {
@@ -1546,6 +1653,22 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {
 
 	pushCmd.Flags().Bool("insecure", false, "Use an insecure registry")
 
+	signinCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "signin",
+		Short:   "Sign in to ollama.com",
+		Args:    cobra.ExactArgs(0),
+		PreRunE: checkServerHeartbeat,
+		RunE:    SigninHandler,
+	}
+
+	signoutCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "signout",
+		Short:   "Sign out from ollama.com",
+		Args:    cobra.ExactArgs(0),
+		PreRunE: checkServerHeartbeat,
+		RunE:    SignoutHandler,
+	}
+
 	listCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "list",
 		Aliases: []string{"ls"},
@@ -1640,6 +1763,8 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {
 		stopCmd,
 		pullCmd,
 		pushCmd,
+		signinCmd,
+		signoutCmd,
 		listCmd,
 		psCmd,
 		copyCmd,

cmd/cmd_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
@@ -304,6 +305,8 @@ func TestDeleteHandler(t *testing.T) {
 				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
 			} else {
 				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+				errPayload := `{"error":"model '%s' not found"}`
+				w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(errPayload, req.Name)))
 			}
 			return
 		}
@@ -346,7 +349,7 @@ func TestDeleteHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	err := DeleteHandler(cmd, []string{"test-model-not-found"})
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unable to stop existing running model \"test-model-not-found\"") {
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "model 'test-model-not-found' not found") {
 		t.Fatalf("DeleteHandler failed: expected error about stopping non-existent model, got %v", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -499,7 +502,7 @@ func TestPushHandler(t *testing.T) {
 					w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 					w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
 					err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{
-						"error": "access denied",
+						"error": "403: {\"errors\":[{\"code\":\"ACCESS DENIED\", \"message\":\"access denied\"}]}",
 					})
 					if err != nil {
 						t.Fatal(err)
@@ -522,6 +525,10 @@ func TestPushHandler(t *testing.T) {
 			defer mockServer.Close()
 
 			t.Setenv("OLLAMA_HOST", mockServer.URL)
+			tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+			t.Setenv("HOME", tmpDir)
+			t.Setenv("USERPROFILE", tmpDir)
+			initializeKeypair()
 
 			cmd := &cobra.Command{}
 			cmd.Flags().Bool("insecure", false, "")

convert/convert_bert.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ type bertModel struct {
 	LayerNormEPS          float32 `json:"layer_norm_eps"`
 	LayerNormEpsilon      float32 `json:"layer_norm_epsilon"`
 	NormEpsilon           float32 `json:"norm_epsilon"`
+	normalizeEmbeddings   bool
 
 	PoolingType uint32
 }
@@ -54,9 +55,11 @@ func (p *bertModel) parseMore(fsys fs.FS) error {
 
 	var pooling string
 	for _, m := range modules {
-		if m.Type == "sentence_transformers.models.Pooling" {
+		switch m.Type {
+		case "sentence_transformers.models.Pooling":
 			pooling = m.Path
-			break
+		case "sentence_transformers.models.Normalize":
+			p.normalizeEmbeddings = true
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ func (p *bertModel) KV(t *Tokenizer) ggml.KV {
 	kv["general.architecture"] = "bert"
 	kv["bert.attention.causal"] = false
 	kv["bert.pooling_type"] = p.PoolingType
+	kv["bert.normalize_embeddings"] = p.normalizeEmbeddings
 
 	kv["bert.block_count"] = cmp.Or(p.NLayers, p.NumHiddenLayers, p.NLayer)
 

convert/reader_safetensors.go

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ type safetensor struct {
 
 func (st safetensor) Kind() uint32 {
 	kind := st.tensorBase.Kind()
-	if st.dtype == "BF16" && kind != tensorKindFP32 {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(st.name, "v.") && st.dtype == "BF16" && kind != tensorKindFP32 {
 		kind = tensorKindBF16
 	}
 

convert/reader_test.go

@@ -230,3 +230,65 @@ func TestSafetensors(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSafetensorKind(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		st       safetensor
+		expected uint32
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "BF16 dtype with non-v. prefix and non-FP32 base kind should return BF16",
+			st: safetensor{
+				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
+					name:  "weight.matrix",
+					shape: []uint64{10, 10}, // will default to FP16
+				},
+				dtype: "BF16",
+			},
+			expected: tensorKindBF16,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "BF16 dtype with v. prefix should return base kind",
+			st: safetensor{
+				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
+					name:  "v.weight.matrix",
+					shape: []uint64{10, 10}, // will default to FP16
+				},
+				dtype: "BF16",
+			},
+			expected: tensorKindFP16,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "BF16 dtype with FP32 base kind should return FP32",
+			st: safetensor{
+				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
+					name:  "weight.matrix",
+					shape: []uint64{10}, // will default to FP32
+				},
+				dtype: "BF16",
+			},
+			expected: tensorKindFP32,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Non-BF16 dtype should return base kind",
+			st: safetensor{
+				tensorBase: &tensorBase{
+					name:  "weight.matrix",
+					shape: []uint64{10, 10}, // will default to FP16
+				},
+				dtype: "FP16",
+			},
+			expected: tensorKindFP16,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := tt.st.Kind()
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("Kind() = %d, expected %d", result, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

discover/cuda_common.go

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 // Included to drive logic for reducing Ollama-allocated overhead on L4T/Jetson devices.
 var CudaTegra string = os.Getenv("JETSON_JETPACK")
 
-func cudaVariant(gpuInfo CudaGPUInfo) string {
+func cudaVariant(gpuInfos []CudaGPUInfo) string {
 	if runtime.GOARCH == "arm64" && runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
 		if CudaTegra != "" {
 			ver := strings.Split(CudaTegra, ".")
@@ -43,14 +43,22 @@ func cudaVariant(gpuInfo CudaGPUInfo) string {
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		return "sbsa"
 	}
 
-	// driver 12.0 has problems with the cuda v12 library, so run v11 on those older drivers
-	if gpuInfo.DriverMajor < 12 || (gpuInfo.DriverMajor == 12 && gpuInfo.DriverMinor == 0) {
-		// The detected driver is older than Feb 2023
-		slog.Warn("old CUDA driver detected - please upgrade to a newer driver", "version", fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d", gpuInfo.DriverMajor, gpuInfo.DriverMinor))
-		return "v11"
+	// Check GPU compute capability FIRST, lowest common denominator if multi-gpu
+	for _, gpuInfo := range gpuInfos {
+		if gpuInfo.computeMajor < 7 || (gpuInfo.computeMajor == 7 && gpuInfo.computeMinor < 5) {
+			// GPU is Pascal or older (CC <= 7.4) - use CUDA v12 (supports CC 6.1)
+			return "v12"
+		}
 	}
-	return "v12"
+
+	// GPU is Turing or newer (CC >= 7.5) - can use newer CUDA
+	if len(gpuInfos) > 0 && gpuInfos[0].DriverMajor < 13 {
+		// The detected driver is older than 580 (Aug 2025)
+		// Warn if their CC is compatible with v13 and they should upgrade their driver to get better performance
+		slog.Warn("old CUDA driver detected - please upgrade to a newer driver for best performance", "version", fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d", gpuInfos[0].DriverMajor, gpuInfos[0].DriverMinor))
+		return "v12"
+	}
+	return "v13"
 }

discover/gpu.go

@@ -284,18 +284,8 @@ func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
 				gpuInfo.MinimumMemory = cudaMinimumMemory
 				gpuInfo.DriverMajor = driverMajor
 				gpuInfo.DriverMinor = driverMinor
-				variant := cudaVariant(gpuInfo)
 
-				// Start with our bundled libraries
-				if variant != "" {
-					variantPath := filepath.Join(LibOllamaPath, "cuda_"+variant)
-					if _, err := os.Stat(variantPath); err == nil {
-						// Put the variant directory first in the search path to avoid runtime linking to the wrong library
-						gpuInfo.DependencyPath = append([]string{variantPath}, gpuInfo.DependencyPath...)
-					}
-				}
 				gpuInfo.Name = C.GoString(&memInfo.gpu_name[0])
-				gpuInfo.Variant = variant
 
 				if int(memInfo.major) < cudaComputeMajorMin || (int(memInfo.major) == cudaComputeMajorMin && int(memInfo.minor) < cudaComputeMinorMin) {
 					unsupportedGPUs = append(unsupportedGPUs,
@@ -333,6 +323,24 @@ func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
 				// TODO potentially sort on our own algorithm instead of what the underlying GPU library does...
 				cudaGPUs = append(cudaGPUs, gpuInfo)
 			}
+			// Second pass on NVIDIA GPUs to set lowest common denominator variant and DependencyPaths
+			variant := cudaVariant(cudaGPUs)
+			var variantPath string
+			// Start with our bundled libraries
+			if variant != "" {
+				variantPath = filepath.Join(LibOllamaPath, "cuda_"+variant)
+				if _, err := os.Stat(variantPath); err != nil {
+					variantPath = ""
+				}
+			}
+
+			for i := range cudaGPUs {
+				cudaGPUs[i].Variant = variant
+				if variantPath != "" {
+					// Put the variant directory first in the search path to avoid runtime linking to the wrong library
+					cudaGPUs[i].DependencyPath = append([]string{variantPath}, cudaGPUs[i].DependencyPath...)
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
 		// Intel

docs/api.md

@@ -1708,6 +1708,7 @@ Advanced parameters:
 - `truncate`: truncates the end of each input to fit within context length. Returns error if `false` and context length is exceeded. Defaults to `true`
 - `options`: additional model parameters listed in the documentation for the [Modelfile](./modelfile.md#valid-parameters-and-values) such as `temperature`
 - `keep_alive`: controls how long the model will stay loaded into memory following the request (default: `5m`)
+- `dimensions`: number of dimensions for the embedding
 
 ### Examples
 

docs/cloud.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Cloud
+
+| Ollama's cloud is currently in preview. For full documentation, see [Ollama's documentation](https://docs.ollama.com/cloud).
+
+## Cloud Models
+
+[Cloud models](https://ollama.com/cloud) are a new kind of model in Ollama that can run without a powerful GPU. Instead, cloud models are automatically offloaded to Ollama's cloud while offering the same capabilities as local models, making it possible to keep using your local tools while running larger models that wouldn’t fit on a personal computer.
+
+Ollama currently supports the following cloud models, with more coming soon:
+
+- `gpt-oss:20b-cloud`
+- `gpt-oss:120b-cloud`
+- `deepseek-v3.1:671b-cloud`
+- `qwen3-coder:480b-cloud`
+
+### Get started
+
+To run a cloud model, open the terminal and run:
+
+```
+ollama run gpt-oss:120b-cloud
+```
+
+To run cloud models with integrations that work with Ollama, first download the cloud model:
+
+```
+ollama pull qwen3-coder:480b-cloud
+```
+
+Then sign in to Ollama:
+
+```
+ollama signin
+```
+
+Finally, access the model using the model name `qwen3-coder:480b-cloud` via Ollama's local API or tooling.
+
+## Cloud API access
+
+Cloud models can also be accessed directly on ollama.com's API. For more information, see the [docs](https://docs.ollama.com/cloud).

docs/development.md

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ Then build and run Ollama from the root directory of the repository:
 go run . serve
 ```
 
+> [!NOTE]
+> Ollama includes native code compiled with CGO.  From time to time these data structures can change and CGO can get out of sync resulting in unexpected crashes.  You can force a full build of the native code by running `go clean -cache` first. 
+
+
 ## macOS (Apple Silicon)
 
 macOS Apple Silicon supports Metal which is built-in to the Ollama binary. No additional steps are required.

docs/linux.md

@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@ curl -fsSL https://ollama.com/install.sh | sh
 ## Manual install
 
 > [!NOTE]
-> If you are upgrading from a prior version, you should remove the old libraries with `sudo rm -rf /usr/lib/ollama` first.
+> If you are upgrading from a prior version, you **MUST** remove the old libraries with `sudo rm -rf /usr/lib/ollama` first.
 
 Download and extract the package:
 
 ```shell
 curl -LO https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-amd64.tgz
+sudo rm -rf /usr/lib/ollama
 sudo tar -C /usr -xzf ollama-linux-amd64.tgz
 ```
 

docs/turbo.md

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-# Turbo
-
-> ⚠️ Turbo is preview
-
-Ollama’s [Turbo](https://ollama.com/turbo) is a new way to run open-source models with acceleration from datacenter-grade hardware.
-
-Currently, the following models are available in Turbo:
-
-- `gpt-oss:20b`
-- `gpt-oss:120b`
-
-## Get started
-
-### Ollama for macOS & Windows
-
-Download Ollama
-
-- Select a model such as `gpt-oss:20b` or `gpt-oss:120b`
-- Click on **Turbo**. You’ll be prompted to create an account or sign in
-
-### Ollama’s CLI
-
-- [Sign up](https://ollama.com/signup) for an Ollama account
-- Add your Ollama key [to ollama.com](https://ollama.com/settings/keys).
-
-  On macOS and Linux:
-
-  ```shell
-  cat ~/.ollama/id_ed25519.pub
-  ```
-
-  On Windows:
-
-  ```
-  type "%USERPROFILE%\.ollama\id_ed25519.pub"
-  ```
-
-- Then run a model setting `OLLAMA_HOST` to `ollama.com`:
-  ```shell
-  OLLAMA_HOST=ollama.com ollama run gpt-oss:120b
-  ```
-
-### Ollama’s Python library
-
-- Download Ollama's [Python library](https://github.com/ollama/ollama-python)
-- [Sign up](https://ollama.com/signup) for an Ollama account
-- Create an API key by visiting https://ollama.com/settings/keys
-
-```python
-from ollama import Client
-
-client = Client(
-    host="https://ollama.com",
-    headers={'Authorization': '<api key>'}
-)
-
-messages = [
-  {
-    'role': 'user',
-    'content': 'Why is the sky blue?',
-  },
-]
-
-for part in client.chat('gpt-oss:120b', messages=messages, stream=True):
-  print(part['message']['content'], end='', flush=True)
-```
-
-### Ollama’s JavaScript library
-
-- Download Ollama's [JavaScript library](https://github.com/ollama/ollama-js)
-- [Sign up](https://ollama.com/signup) for an Ollama account
-- Create an API key by visiting https://ollama.com/settings/keys
-
-```typescript
-import { Ollama } from 'ollama';
-
-const ollama = new Ollama({
-  host: 'https://ollama.com',
-  headers: {
-	  Authorization: "Bearer <api key>"
-  }
-});
-
-const response = await ollama.chat({
-  model: 'gpt-oss:120b',
-  messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Explain quantum computing' }],
-  stream: true
-});
-
-for await (const part of response) {
-    process.stdout.write(part.message.content)
-}
-```
-
-### Community integrations
-
-Turbo mode is also compatible with several community integrations.
-
-#### Open WebUI
-
-- Go to **settings** → **Admin settings** → **Connections**
-- Under **Ollama API,** click **+**
-- For the **URL** put `https://ollama.com`
-- For the **API key,** create an API key on https://ollama.com/settings/keys and add it.
-- Click **Save**
-
-Now, if you navigate to the model selector, Turbo models should be available under **External**.

envconfig/config.go

@@ -134,6 +134,17 @@ func LoadTimeout() (loadTimeout time.Duration) {
 	return loadTimeout
 }
 
+func Remotes() []string {
+	var r []string
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(Var("OLLAMA_REMOTES"))
+	if raw == "" {
+		r = []string{"ollama.com"}
+	} else {
+		r = strings.Split(raw, ",")
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
 func Bool(k string) func() bool {
 	return func() bool {
 		if s := Var(k); s != "" {
@@ -185,8 +196,6 @@ var (
 	ContextLength = Uint("OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH", 4096)
 	// Auth enables authentication between the Ollama client and server
 	UseAuth = Bool("OLLAMA_AUTH")
-	// Enable the new memory estimation logic
-	NewMemoryEstimates = Bool("OLLAMA_NEW_ESTIMATES")
 )
 
 func String(s string) func() string {
@@ -272,7 +281,7 @@ func AsMap() map[string]EnvVar {
 		"OLLAMA_MULTIUSER_CACHE":   {"OLLAMA_MULTIUSER_CACHE", MultiUserCache(), "Optimize prompt caching for multi-user scenarios"},
 		"OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH":    {"OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH", ContextLength(), "Context length to use unless otherwise specified (default: 4096)"},
 		"OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE":        {"OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE", NewEngine(), "Enable the new Ollama engine"},
-		"OLLAMA_NEW_ESTIMATES":     {"OLLAMA_NEW_ESTIMATES", NewMemoryEstimates(), "Enable the new memory estimation logic"},
+		"OLLAMA_REMOTES":           {"OLLAMA_REMOTES", Remotes(), "Allowed hosts for remote models (default \"ollama.com\")"},
 
 		// Informational
 		"HTTP_PROXY":  {"HTTP_PROXY", String("HTTP_PROXY")(), "HTTP proxy"},

fs/ggml/ggml.go

@@ -243,6 +243,8 @@ func (kv KV) OllamaEngineRequired() bool {
 		"gemma3",
 		"gemma3n",
 		"mistral3",
+		"qwen3",
+		"qwen3moe",
 		"llama4",
 		"mllama",
 		"qwen25vl",
@@ -864,12 +866,16 @@ func (llm GGML) VisionGraphSize() (weights, graphSize uint64) {
 
 // SupportsKVCacheType checks if the requested cache type is supported
 func (f GGML) SupportsKVCacheType(cacheType string) bool {
+	if cacheType == "" || cacheType == "f16" {
+		return true
+	}
+
 	if arch := f.KV().Architecture(); slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, arch) {
 		// gpt-oss uses attention with sinks which does not support quantized cache types
-		slog.Warn("model only supports non-quantized cache types ", "mode", arch)
-		return cacheType == "f16"
+		slog.Warn("model only supports non-quantized cache types", "model", arch)
+		return false
 	}
-	return slices.Contains([]string{"f16", "q8_0", "q4_0"}, cacheType)
+	return slices.Contains([]string{"q8_0", "q4_0"}, cacheType)
 }
 
 // SupportsFlashAttention checks if the model supports flash attention
@@ -879,6 +885,10 @@ func (f GGML) SupportsFlashAttention() bool {
 		return false
 	}
 
+	if arch := f.KV().Architecture(); slices.Contains([]string{"gemma2"}, arch) {
+		return false
+	}
+
 	// Check head counts match and are non-zero
 	headCountK := f.KV().EmbeddingHeadCountK()
 	headCountV := f.KV().EmbeddingHeadCountV()

harmony/harmonyparser.go

@@ -1,31 +1,18 @@
 package harmony
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/template"
 )
 
 type harmonyParserState int
 
-func ShouldUseHarmony(modelFamily string, template *template.Template) bool {
-	if slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, modelFamily) {
-		// heuristic to check whether the template expects to be parsed via harmony:
-		// search for harmony tags that are nearly always used
-		if template.Contains("<|start|>") && template.Contains("<|end|>") {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
-
 const (
 	harmonyParserState_LookingForMessageStart harmonyParserState = iota
 	harmonyParserState_ParsingHeader
@@ -47,13 +34,12 @@ func (s harmonyParserState) String() string {
 }
 
 type HarmonyParser struct {
-	state              harmonyParserState
-	MessageStartTag    string
-	MessageEndTag      string
-	HeaderEndTag       string
-	constraintsAllowed bool
-	acc                strings.Builder
-	lifetimeAcc        strings.Builder
+	state           harmonyParserState
+	MessageStartTag string
+	MessageEndTag   string
+	HeaderEndTag    string
+	acc             strings.Builder
+	lifetimeAcc     strings.Builder
 }
 
 type HarmonyEvent interface {
@@ -90,32 +76,18 @@ func (s *HarmonyParser) AddImplicitStart() {
 	s.acc.WriteString("<|start|>assistant")
 }
 
-func (s *HarmonyParser) ConstraintsAllowed() bool {
-	return s.constraintsAllowed
-}
-
-func Prefill(lastMessage api.Message) string {
-	if lastMessage.Role != "assistant" {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	switch {
-	case strings.TrimSpace(lastMessage.Content) != "":
-		return "<|start|>assistant<|channel|>final<|message|>"
-	case strings.TrimSpace(lastMessage.Thinking) != "":
-		return "<|start|>assistant<|channel|>analysis<|message|>"
-	default:
-		return ""
-	}
-}
-
-// AddImplicitStartOrPrefill adds an implicit start tag or prefill string if provided
-func (s *HarmonyParser) AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(prefillString string) {
-	if strings.TrimSpace(prefillString) != "" {
-		s.acc.WriteString(prefillString)
-	} else {
-		s.AddImplicitStart()
+func (s *HarmonyParser) AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(lastMessage *api.Message) {
+	if lastMessage != nil && lastMessage.Role == "assistant" {
+		// handle prefilling conditions
+		if lastMessage.Content != "" {
+			s.acc.WriteString("<|start|>assistant<|channel|>final<|message|>")
+			return
+		} else if lastMessage.Thinking != "" {
+			s.acc.WriteString("<|start|>assistant<|channel|>analysis<|message|>")
+			return
+		}
 	}
+	s.AddImplicitStart()
 }
 
 func (s *HarmonyParser) AddContent(content string) []HarmonyEvent {
@@ -294,7 +266,8 @@ type HarmonyMessageHandler struct {
 	state           harmonyMessageState
 	HarmonyParser   *HarmonyParser
 	FunctionNameMap *FunctionNameMap
-	ToolParser      *HarmonyToolCallAccumulator
+	toolAccumulator *HarmonyToolCallAccumulator
+	convertedTools  map[string]struct{}
 }
 
 // NewHarmonyMessageHandler creates a new message handler
@@ -307,16 +280,13 @@ func NewHarmonyMessageHandler() *HarmonyMessageHandler {
 			HeaderEndTag:    "<|message|>",
 		},
 		FunctionNameMap: NewFunctionNameMap(),
-		ToolParser: &HarmonyToolCallAccumulator{
-			state:           harmonyToolCallState_Normal,
-			currentToolName: nil,
-		},
+		convertedTools:  make(map[string]struct{}),
 	}
 }
 
 // AddContent processes the content and returns the content, thinking, and tool content.
 // content and thinking are already fully parsed, but tool content still needs to be passed to the tool parser
-func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) AddContent(content string) (string, string, string) {
+func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) AddContent(content string, toolParser *HarmonyToolCallAccumulator) (string, string, string) {
 	contentSb := strings.Builder{}
 	thinkingSb := strings.Builder{}
 	toolContentSb := strings.Builder{}
@@ -333,20 +303,19 @@ func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) AddContent(content string) (string, string, stri
 					// event.Header.Recipient is the tool name, something like
 					// "browser.search" for a built-in, or "functions.calc" for a
 					// custom one
-					h.ToolParser.SetToolName(event.Header.Recipient)
+					toolParser.SetToolName(event.Header.Recipient)
 				} else {
 					h.state = harmonyMessageState_Thinking
 				}
 			case "commentary":
 				if event.Header.Recipient != "" {
 					h.state = harmonyMessageState_ToolCalling
-					h.ToolParser.SetToolName(event.Header.Recipient)
+					toolParser.SetToolName(event.Header.Recipient)
 				} else {
 					h.state = harmonyMessageState_Normal
 				}
 			case "final":
 				h.state = harmonyMessageState_Normal
-				h.HarmonyParser.constraintsAllowed = true
 			}
 		case HarmonyEventContentEmitted:
 			logutil.Trace("harmony event content", "content", event.Content, "state", h.state)
@@ -364,6 +333,13 @@ func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) AddContent(content string) (string, string, stri
 	return contentSb.String(), thinkingSb.String(), toolContentSb.String()
 }
 
+func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) CreateToolParser() *HarmonyToolCallAccumulator {
+	return &HarmonyToolCallAccumulator{
+		state:           harmonyToolCallState_Normal,
+		currentToolName: nil,
+	}
+}
+
 type harmonyToolCallState int
 
 const (
@@ -412,8 +388,85 @@ func NewFunctionNameMap() *FunctionNameMap {
 	}
 }
 
+// Init initializes the handler with tools and optional last message
+// Implements the Parser interface
+func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool {
+	// Initialize the harmony parser
+	if h.HarmonyParser == nil {
+		h.HarmonyParser = &HarmonyParser{
+			MessageStartTag: "<|start|>",
+			MessageEndTag:   "<|end|>",
+			HeaderEndTag:    "<|message|>",
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Handle prefill for chat mode
+	if lastMessage != nil {
+		h.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(lastMessage)
+	} else {
+		h.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
+	}
+
+	// Initialize tool accumulator
+	h.toolAccumulator = h.CreateToolParser()
+
+	// Process tools and return renamed versions
+	if len(tools) == 0 {
+		return tools
+	}
+
+	processedTools := make([]api.Tool, len(tools))
+	copy(processedTools, tools)
+	for i, tool := range processedTools {
+		if tool.Function.Name != "" {
+			processedTools[i].Function.Name = h.FunctionNameMap.ConvertAndAdd(tool.Function.Name)
+			h.convertedTools[tool.Function.Name] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	return processedTools
+}
+
+// Add implements the Parser interface - processes streamed content and extracts content, thinking, and tool calls
+func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error) {
+	content, thinking, toolContent := h.AddContent(s, h.toolAccumulator)
+	if toolContent != "" {
+		h.toolAccumulator.Add(toolContent)
+	}
+
+	// tool calls always happen one at a time, and always at the end of a message,
+	// so for simplicity we defer parsing them until we know we're done
+	if done {
+		toolName, raw := h.toolAccumulator.Drain()
+		if toolName != nil {
+			name := strings.TrimPrefix(*toolName, "functions.")
+			name = h.FunctionNameMap.OriginalFromConverted(name)
+			var args api.ToolCallFunctionArguments
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &args); err != nil {
+				return "", "", nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing tool call: raw='%s', err=%w", raw, err)
+			}
+			calls = append(calls, api.ToolCall{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{Name: name, Arguments: args}})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return content, thinking, calls, nil
+}
+
+// HasToolSupport implements the Parser interface
+func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) HasToolSupport() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+// HasThinkingSupport implements the Parser interface
+func (h *HarmonyMessageHandler) HasThinkingSupport() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
 func (m *FunctionNameMap) ConvertAndAdd(userFunctionName string) string {
 	harmonyFunctionName := m.deriveName(userFunctionName)
+	// built-in functions should not be renamed
+	if userFunctionName == "browser.open" || userFunctionName == "browser.search" || userFunctionName == "browser.find" || userFunctionName == "python" {
+		harmonyFunctionName = userFunctionName
+	}
 	m.userToHarmony[userFunctionName] = harmonyFunctionName
 	m.harmonyToUser[harmonyFunctionName] = userFunctionName
 	return harmonyFunctionName

harmony/harmonyparser_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package harmony
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -514,6 +513,7 @@ func TestFunctionConvertAndAdd(t *testing.T) {
 		{name: "dupes from different user-specified names", in: []string{"get weather", "get_weather", "get-weather"}, want: []string{"get_weather", "get_weather_2", "get_weather_3"}},
 		{name: "non dupes after dupes", in: []string{"get weather", "get_weather", "get-weather", "something-different"}, want: []string{"get_weather", "get_weather_2", "get_weather_3", "something_different"}},
 		{name: "multiple sets of dupes", in: []string{"a", "a", "b", "a", "a", "b", "a"}, want: []string{"a", "a_2", "b", "a_3", "a_4", "b_2", "a_5"}},
+		{name: "built-in functions should not be renamed", in: []string{"browser.open", "python", "not.a.built-in.function", "browser.not_a_real_built_in"}, want: []string{"browser.open", "python", "not_a_built_in_function", "browser_not_a_real_built_in"}},
 	}
 
 	for i, tt := range tests {
@@ -536,202 +536,3 @@ func TestFunctionConvertAndAdd(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestHarmonyMessageHandlerStreamingScenarios(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("thinking_then_content_streams", func(t *testing.T) {
-		handler := NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		handler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-		tp := handler.ToolParser
-		type step struct {
-			in           string
-			wantContent  string
-			wantThinking string
-		}
-		steps := []step{
-			{in: "<|channel|>analysis<|message|>Thinking...", wantThinking: "Thinking..."},
-			{in: "<|end|>", wantThinking: ""},
-			{in: "<|start|>assistant<|message|>Answer", wantContent: "Answer"},
-			{in: "<|end|>", wantContent: ""},
-		}
-		for i, s := range steps {
-			content, thinking, tool := handler.AddContent(s.in)
-			if tool != "" {
-				tp.Add(tool)
-			}
-			if content != s.wantContent || thinking != s.wantThinking {
-				t.Fatalf("step %d: got (content=%q thinking=%q), want (content=%q thinking=%q)", i, content, thinking, s.wantContent, s.wantThinking)
-			}
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("content_streams_as_it_arrives", func(t *testing.T) {
-		handler := NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		handler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-		tp := handler.ToolParser
-		inputs := []string{
-			"<|start|>assistant<|message|>Hello",
-			", world",
-			"!<|end|>",
-		}
-		var got []string
-		for _, in := range inputs {
-			content, thinking, tool := handler.AddContent(in)
-			if tool != "" {
-				tp.Add(tool)
-			}
-			if thinking != "" {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected thinking %q", thinking)
-			}
-			if content != "" {
-				got = append(got, content)
-			}
-		}
-		want := []string{"Hello", ", world", "!"}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
-			t.Fatalf("content pieces mismatch: got %v want %v", got, want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("thinking_streams_separately_from_content", func(t *testing.T) {
-		handler := NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		handler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-		tp := handler.ToolParser
-		inputs := []string{
-			"<|channel|>analysis<|message|>Thinking...",
-			"<|end|>",
-			"<|start|>assistant<|message|>Answer",
-			"<|end|>",
-		}
-		var got []string
-		for _, in := range inputs {
-			content, thinking, tool := handler.AddContent(in)
-			if tool != "" {
-				tp.Add(tool)
-			}
-			if thinking != "" {
-				got = append(got, thinking)
-			}
-			if content != "" {
-				got = append(got, content)
-			}
-		}
-		want := []string{"Thinking...", "Answer"}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
-			t.Fatalf("content pieces mismatch: got %v want %v", got, want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("partial_tags_buffer_until_complete", func(t *testing.T) {
-		handler := NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		handler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-		tp := handler.ToolParser
-		inputs := []string{
-			"<|chan",
-			"nel|>analysis<|mess",
-			"age|>Deep ",
-			"thought",
-			"<|end|>",
-			"<|start|>assistant<|message|>Done",
-			"<|end|>",
-		}
-		var thinkingPieces []string
-		var contentPieces []string
-		for _, in := range inputs {
-			content, thinking, tool := handler.AddContent(in)
-			if tool != "" {
-				tp.Add(tool)
-			}
-			if thinking != "" {
-				thinkingPieces = append(thinkingPieces, thinking)
-			}
-			if content != "" {
-				contentPieces = append(contentPieces, content)
-			}
-		}
-		if want := []string{"Deep ", "thought"}; !reflect.DeepEqual(thinkingPieces, want) {
-			t.Fatalf("thinking pieces mismatch: got %v want %v", thinkingPieces, want)
-		}
-		if want := []string{"Done"}; !reflect.DeepEqual(contentPieces, want) {
-			t.Fatalf("content pieces mismatch: got %v want %v", contentPieces, want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("simple_assistant_after_analysis", func(t *testing.T) {
-		handler := NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		handler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-		tp := handler.ToolParser
-		inputs := []string{
-			"<|channel|>analysis<|message|>Think",
-			"<|end|>",
-			"<|start|>assistant<|message|>Answer",
-			"<|end|>",
-		}
-		var contentSb, thinkingSb strings.Builder
-		for _, in := range inputs {
-			content, thinking, tool := handler.AddContent(in)
-			if tool != "" {
-				tp.Add(tool)
-			}
-			contentSb.WriteString(content)
-			thinkingSb.WriteString(thinking)
-		}
-		if contentSb.String() != "Answer" {
-			t.Fatalf("content mismatch: got %q want %q", contentSb.String(), "Answer")
-		}
-		if thinkingSb.String() != "Think" {
-			t.Fatalf("thinking mismatch: got %q want %q", thinkingSb.String(), "Think")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("tool_call_parsed_and_returned_correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
-		handler := NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		handler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-		tp := handler.ToolParser
-		inputs := []string{
-			"<|channel|>commentary to=functions.calculate<|message|>{\"expression\":\"2+2\"}<|end|>",
-		}
-		for _, in := range inputs {
-			content, thinking, tool := handler.AddContent(in)
-			if content != "" || thinking != "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if tool != "" {
-				tp.Add(tool)
-			}
-		}
-		name, args := tp.Drain()
-		if name == nil || *name != "functions.calculate" {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected tool name: %v", name)
-		}
-		if got, want := args, "{\"expression\":\"2+2\"}"; got != want {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected tool args: got %s want %s", got, want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("tool_call_across_chunks", func(t *testing.T) {
-		handler := NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		handler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStart()
-		tp := handler.ToolParser
-		inputs := []string{
-			"<|channel|>commentary to=functions.calculate<|message|>{\"expression\":\"2+",
-			"2\"}",
-			"<|end|>",
-		}
-		for _, in := range inputs {
-			content, thinking, tool := handler.AddContent(in)
-			if content != "" || thinking != "" {
-				continue
-			}
-			if tool != "" {
-				tp.Add(tool)
-			}
-		}
-		name, args := tp.Drain()
-		if name == nil || *name != "functions.calculate" {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected tool name: %v", name)
-		}
-		if got, want := args, "{\"expression\":\"2+2\"}"; got != want {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected tool args: got %s want %s", got, want)
-		}
-	})
-}

integration/README.md

@@ -12,3 +12,6 @@ The integration tests have 2 modes of operating.
 
 > [!IMPORTANT]
 > Before running the tests locally without the "test existing" setting, compile ollama from the top of the source tree  `go build .` in addition to GPU support with cmake if applicable on your platform.  The integration tests expect to find an ollama binary at the top of the tree.
+
+
+Many tests use a default small model suitable to run on many systems.  You can override this default model by setting `OLLAMA_TEST_DEFAULT_MODEL`

integration/api_test.go

@@ -22,13 +22,12 @@ func TestAPIGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 	// Set up the test data
 	req := api.GenerateRequest{
 		Model:  smol,
-		Prompt: "why is the sky blue? be brief",
+		Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
 		Options: map[string]interface{}{
 			"temperature": 0,
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
-	anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"}
 
 	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
 	defer cleanup()
@@ -120,14 +119,14 @@ func TestAPIGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 				// Verify the response contains the expected data
 				response := buf.String()
 				atLeastOne := false
-				for _, resp := range anyResp {
+				for _, resp := range blueSkyExpected {
 					if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(response), resp) {
 						atLeastOne = true
 						break
 					}
 				}
 				if !atLeastOne {
-					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", anyResp, response)
+					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", blueSkyExpected, response)
 				}
 			case <-ctx.Done():
 				t.Error("outer test context done while waiting for generate")
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ func TestAPIChat(t *testing.T) {
 		Messages: []api.Message{
 			{
 				Role:    "user",
-				Content: "why is the sky blue?  be brief",
+				Content: blueSkyPrompt,
 			},
 		},
 		Options: map[string]interface{}{
@@ -189,7 +188,6 @@ func TestAPIChat(t *testing.T) {
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
-	anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"}
 
 	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
 	defer cleanup()
@@ -279,14 +277,14 @@ func TestAPIChat(t *testing.T) {
 				// Verify the response contains the expected data
 				response := buf.String()
 				atLeastOne := false
-				for _, resp := range anyResp {
+				for _, resp := range blueSkyExpected {
 					if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(response), resp) {
 						atLeastOne = true
 						break
 					}
 				}
 				if !atLeastOne {
-					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", anyResp, response)
+					t.Errorf("none of %v found in %s", blueSkyExpected, response)
 				}
 			case <-ctx.Done():
 				t.Error("outer test context done while waiting for chat")

integration/basic_test.go

@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ func TestBlueSky(t *testing.T) {
 	// Set up the test data
 	req := api.GenerateRequest{
 		Model:  smol,
-		Prompt: "why is the sky blue?",
+		Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
 		Stream: &stream,
 		Options: map[string]any{
 			"temperature": 0,
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"})
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, blueSkyExpected)
 }
 
 func TestUnicode(t *testing.T) {
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@ func TestUnicodeModelDir(t *testing.T) {
 
 	req := api.GenerateRequest{
 		Model:  smol,
-		Prompt: "why is the sky blue?",
+		Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
 		Stream: &stream,
 		Options: map[string]any{
 			"temperature": 0,
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"})
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, blueSkyExpected)
 }

integration/context_test.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func TestContextExhaustion(t *testing.T) {
 	// Set up the test data
 	req := api.GenerateRequest{
 		Model:  smol,
-		Prompt: "Write me a story with a ton of emojis?",
+		Prompt: "Write me a story in english with a lot of emojis",
 		Stream: &stream,
 		Options: map[string]any{
 			"temperature": 0,
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ func TestContextExhaustion(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, req.Model); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("PullIfMissing failed: %v", err)
 	}
-	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, []string{"once", "upon", "lived", "sunny", "cloudy", "clear", "water"}, 120*time.Second, 10*time.Second)
+	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, []string{"once", "upon", "lived", "sunny", "cloudy", "clear", "water", "time", "travel", "world"}, 120*time.Second, 10*time.Second)
 }
 
 // Send multiple generate requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
-func TestGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
+func TestParallelGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	modelOverride := ollamaEngineChatModels[0] // Most recent ollama engine model
 	req, resp := GenerateRequests()
 	numParallel := 2
@@ -113,8 +113,48 @@ func TestGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
+// Send generate requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
+func TestGenerateWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
+	req := api.GenerateRequest{
+		Model:     smol,
+		Prompt:    rainbowPrompt,
+		Stream:    &stream,
+		KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
+		Options: map[string]any{
+			"num_ctx": 16384,
+		},
+	}
+
+	softTimeout, hardTimeout := getTimeouts(t)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), hardTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	// Get the server running (if applicable) warm the model up with a single initial request
+	slog.Info("loading", "model", req.Model)
+	err := client.Generate(ctx,
+		&api.GenerateRequest{Model: req.Model, KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second}, Options: req.Options},
+		func(response api.GenerateResponse) error { return nil },
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to load model %s: %s", req.Model, err)
+	}
+
+	req.Context = DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(rainbowFollowups); i++ {
+		req.Prompt = rainbowFollowups[i]
+		if time.Now().Sub(started) > softTimeout {
+			slog.Info("exceeded soft timeout, winding down test")
+			return
+		}
+		req.Context = DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
+	}
+}
+
 // Send multiple chat requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
-func TestChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
+func TestParallelChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	modelOverride := ollamaEngineChatModels[0] // Most recent ollama engine model
 	req, resp := ChatRequests()
 	numParallel := 2
@@ -164,3 +204,55 @@ func TestChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
 }
+
+// Send generate requests with prior context and ensure the response is coherant and expected
+func TestChatWithHistory(t *testing.T) {
+	req := api.ChatRequest{
+		Model:     smol,
+		Stream:    &stream,
+		KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
+		Options: map[string]any{
+			"num_ctx": 16384,
+		},
+		Messages: []api.Message{
+			{
+				Role:    "user",
+				Content: rainbowPrompt,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	softTimeout, hardTimeout := getTimeouts(t)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), hardTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	// Get the server running (if applicable) warm the model up with a single initial request
+	slog.Info("loading", "model", req.Model)
+	err := client.Generate(ctx,
+		&api.GenerateRequest{Model: req.Model, KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second}, Options: req.Options},
+		func(response api.GenerateResponse) error { return nil },
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to load model %s: %s", req.Model, err)
+	}
+
+	assistant := DoChat(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(rainbowFollowups); i++ {
+		if time.Now().Sub(started) > softTimeout {
+			slog.Info("exceeded soft timeout, winding down test")
+			return
+		}
+		req.Messages = append(req.Messages,
+			*assistant,
+			api.Message{Role: "user", Content: rainbowFollowups[i]},
+		)
+
+		assistant = DoChat(ctx, t, client, req, rainbowExpected, 30*time.Second, 20*time.Second)
+		if assistant == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("didn't get an assistant response for context")
+		}
+	}
+}

integration/embed_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 )
 
@@ -44,9 +45,8 @@ func TestAllMiniLMEmbeddings(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	res, err := embeddingTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req)
-
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	if len(res.Embedding) != 384 {
@@ -74,9 +74,8 @@ func TestAllMiniLMEmbed(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	res, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req)
-
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	if len(res.Embeddings) != 1 {
@@ -112,9 +111,8 @@ func TestAllMiniLMBatchEmbed(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	res, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req)
-
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	if len(res.Embeddings) != 2 {
@@ -156,93 +154,135 @@ func TestAllMiniLMEmbedTruncate(t *testing.T) {
 
 	truncTrue, truncFalse := true, false
 
-	type testReq struct {
-		Name    string
-		Request api.EmbedRequest
+	want, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, api.EmbedRequest{
+		Model: "all-minilm",
+		Input: "why",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	reqs := []testReq{
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		request api.EmbedRequest
+		check   func(*api.EmbedResponse, error)
+	}{
 		{
-			Name: "Target Truncation",
-			Request: api.EmbedRequest{
+			name: "target truncation",
+			request: api.EmbedRequest{
 				Model: "all-minilm",
 				Input: "why",
 			},
-		},
-		{
-			Name: "Default Truncate",
-			Request: api.EmbedRequest{
-				Model:   "all-minilm",
-				Input:   "why is the sky blue?",
-				Options: map[string]any{"num_ctx": 1},
+			check: func(got *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+
+				if diff := cmp.Diff(want.Embeddings[0], got.Embeddings[0]); diff != "" {
+					t.Errorf("embedding mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+				}
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			Name: "Explicit Truncate",
-			Request: api.EmbedRequest{
+			name: "default truncate",
+			request: api.EmbedRequest{
+				Model:   "all-minilm",
+				Input:   "why is the sky blue?",
+				Options: map[string]any{"num_ctx": 3},
+			},
+			check: func(got *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				if diff := cmp.Diff(want.Embeddings[0], got.Embeddings[0]); diff != "" {
+					t.Errorf("embedding mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "explicit truncate",
+			request: api.EmbedRequest{
+				Model:    "all-minilm",
+				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
+				Truncate: &truncTrue,
+				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 3},
+			},
+			check: func(got *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				if diff := cmp.Diff(want.Embeddings[0], got.Embeddings[0]); diff != "" {
+					t.Errorf("embedding mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "truncate error",
+			request: api.EmbedRequest{
+				Model:    "all-minilm",
+				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
+				Truncate: &truncFalse,
+				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 3},
+			},
+			check: func(res *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
+				if err.Error() != "input exceeds maximum context length" {
+					t.Fatalf("expected truncation error, got: %v", err)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "input after truncate error",
+			request: api.EmbedRequest{
 				Model:    "all-minilm",
 				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
 				Truncate: &truncTrue,
 				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 1},
 			},
+			check: func(res *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
+				if err.Error() != "input after truncation exceeds maximum context length" {
+					t.Fatalf("expected truncation error, got: %v", err)
+				}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "input after truncate error",
+			request: api.EmbedRequest{
+				Model:    "all-minilm",
+				Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
+				Truncate: &truncTrue,
+				Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 0},
+			},
+			check: func(res *api.EmbedResponse, err error) {
+				if err.Error() != "input after truncation exceeds maximum context length" {
+					t.Fatalf("expected truncation error, got: %v", err)
+				}
+			},
 		},
 	}
 
-	res := make(map[string]*api.EmbedResponse)
-
-	for _, req := range reqs {
-		response, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req.Request)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("error: %v", err)
-		}
-		res[req.Name] = response
-	}
-
-	if res["Target Truncation"].Embeddings[0][0] != res["Default Truncate"].Embeddings[0][0] {
-		t.Fatal("expected default request to truncate correctly")
-	}
-
-	if res["Default Truncate"].Embeddings[0][0] != res["Explicit Truncate"].Embeddings[0][0] {
-		t.Fatal("expected default request and truncate true request to be the same")
-	}
-
-	// check that truncate set to false returns an error if context length is exceeded
-	_, err := embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, api.EmbedRequest{
-		Model:    "all-minilm",
-		Input:    "why is the sky blue?",
-		Truncate: &truncFalse,
-		Options:  map[string]any{"num_ctx": 1},
-	})
-
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	for _, req := range cases {
+		t.Run(req.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			req.check(embedTestHelper(ctx, client, t, req.request))
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func embeddingTestHelper(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, t *testing.T, req api.EmbeddingRequest) (*api.EmbeddingResponse, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+
 	if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, req.Model); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to pull model %s: %v", req.Model, err)
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	response, err := client.Embeddings(ctx, &req)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return response, nil
+	return client.Embeddings(ctx, &req)
 }
 
 func embedTestHelper(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, t *testing.T, req api.EmbedRequest) (*api.EmbedResponse, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+
 	if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, req.Model); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to pull model %s: %v", req.Model, err)
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	response, err := client.Embed(ctx, &req)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return response, nil
+	return client.Embed(ctx, &req)
 }

integration/library_models_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ package integration
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ func TestLibraryModelsGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 	defer cancel()
 	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
 	defer cleanup()
+	targetArch := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_ARCHITECTURE")
 
 	chatModels := libraryChatModels
 	for _, model := range chatModels {
@@ -30,16 +33,26 @@ func TestLibraryModelsGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 			if err := PullIfMissing(ctx, client, model); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("pull failed %s", err)
 			}
+			if targetArch != "" {
+				resp, err := client.Show(ctx, &api.ShowRequest{Name: model})
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("unable to show model: %s", err)
+				}
+				arch := resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"].(string)
+				if arch != targetArch {
+					t.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Skipping %s architecture %s != %s", model, arch, targetArch))
+				}
+			}
 			req := api.GenerateRequest{
 				Model:     model,
-				Prompt:    "why is the sky blue?",
+				Prompt:    blueSkyPrompt,
 				KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
 				Options: map[string]interface{}{
 					"temperature": 0.1,
 					"seed":        123,
 				},
 			}
-			anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scatter", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen", "wavelength"}
+			anyResp := blueSkyExpected
 			// Special cases
 			if model == "duckdb-nsql" {
 				anyResp = []string{"select", "from"}

integration/model_arch_test.go

@@ -68,14 +68,13 @@ func TestModelsGenerate(t *testing.T) {
 			// TODO - fiddle with context size
 			req := api.GenerateRequest{
 				Model:  model,
-				Prompt: "why is the sky blue?",
+				Prompt: blueSkyPrompt,
 				Options: map[string]interface{}{
 					"temperature": 0,
 					"seed":        123,
 				},
 			}
-			anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen"}
-			DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, anyResp, 120*time.Second, 30*time.Second)
+			DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, blueSkyExpected, 120*time.Second, 30*time.Second)
 		})
 	}
 }

integration/model_perf_test.go

@@ -40,6 +40,18 @@ var (
 // cat int.log | grep MODEL_PERF_HEADER | head -1| cut -f2- -d: > perf.csv
 // cat int.log | grep MODEL_PERF_DATA | cut -f2- -d: >> perf.csv
 func TestModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
+	if s := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE"); s != "" {
+		doModelPerfTest(t, ollamaEngineChatModels)
+	} else {
+		doModelPerfTest(t, append(ollamaEngineChatModels, llamaRunnerChatModels...))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLibraryModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
+	doModelPerfTest(t, libraryChatModels)
+}
+
+func doModelPerfTest(t *testing.T, chatModels []string) {
 	softTimeout, hardTimeout := getTimeouts(t)
 	slog.Info("Setting timeouts", "soft", softTimeout, "hard", hardTimeout)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), hardTimeout)
@@ -65,14 +77,12 @@ func TestModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	longPrompt := "summarize the following: " + string(data)
 
-	var chatModels []string
-	if s := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_NEW_ENGINE"); s != "" {
-		chatModels = ollamaEngineChatModels
-	} else {
-		chatModels = append(ollamaEngineChatModels, llamaRunnerChatModels...)
-	}
+	targetArch := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_ARCHITECTURE")
 
 	for _, model := range chatModels {
+		if !strings.Contains(model, ":") {
+			model = model + ":latest"
+		}
 		t.Run(model, func(t *testing.T) {
 			if time.Now().Sub(started) > softTimeout {
 				t.Skip("skipping remaining tests to avoid excessive runtime")
@@ -88,6 +98,9 @@ func TestModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			arch := resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"].(string)
 			maxContext = int(resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", arch)].(float64))
+			if targetArch != "" && arch != targetArch {
+				t.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Skipping %s architecture %s != %s", model, arch, targetArch))
+			}
 
 			if maxVram > 0 {
 				resp, err := client.List(ctx)
@@ -151,8 +164,8 @@ func TestModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
 					prompt  string
 					anyResp []string
 				}{
-					{"why is the sky blue?", []string{"rayleigh", "scattering", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen"}},
-					{maxPrompt, []string{"shakespeare", "oppression", "sorrows", "gutenberg", "child", "license", "sonnet", "melancholy"}},
+					{blueSkyPrompt, blueSkyExpected},
+					{maxPrompt, []string{"shakespeare", "oppression", "sorrows", "gutenberg", "child", "license", "sonnet", "melancholy", "love", "sorrow", "beauty"}},
 				}
 				var gpuPercent int
 				for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -241,11 +254,12 @@ func TestModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
 							}
 						}
 					}
+					// Round the logged prompt count for comparisons across versions/configurations which can vary slightly
 					fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "MODEL_PERF_HEADER:%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s\n",
 						"MODEL",
 						"CONTEXT",
 						"GPU PERCENT",
-						"PROMPT COUNT",
+						"APPROX PROMPT COUNT",
 						"LOAD TIME",
 						"PROMPT EVAL TPS",
 						"EVAL TPS",
@@ -254,7 +268,7 @@ func TestModelsPerf(t *testing.T) {
 						model,
 						numCtx,
 						gpuPercent,
-						resp.PromptEvalCount,
+						(resp.PromptEvalCount/10)*10,
 						float64(resp.LoadDuration)/1000000000.0,
 						float64(resp.PromptEvalCount)/(float64(resp.PromptEvalDuration)/1000000000.0),
 						float64(resp.EvalCount)/(float64(resp.EvalDuration)/1000000000.0),

integration/quantization_test.go

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func TestQuantization(t *testing.T) {
 				stream := true
 				genReq := api.GenerateRequest{
 					Model:     newName,
-					Prompt:    "why is the sky blue?",
+					Prompt:    blueSkyPrompt,
 					KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 3 * time.Second},
 					Options: map[string]any{
 						"seed":        42,
@@ -88,14 +88,13 @@ func TestQuantization(t *testing.T) {
 
 				// Some smaller quantizations can cause models to have poor quality
 				// or get stuck in repetition loops, so we stop as soon as we have any matches
-				anyResp := []string{"rayleigh", "scattering", "day", "sun", "moon", "color", "nitrogen", "oxygen"}
 				reqCtx, reqCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 				atLeastOne := false
 				var buf bytes.Buffer
 				genfn := func(response api.GenerateResponse) error {
 					buf.Write([]byte(response.Response))
 					fullResp := strings.ToLower(buf.String())
-					for _, resp := range anyResp {
+					for _, resp := range blueSkyExpected {
 						if strings.Contains(fullResp, resp) {
 							atLeastOne = true
 							t.Log(fullResp)

integration/utils_test.go

@@ -256,13 +256,29 @@ var (
 		"snowflake-arctic-embed",
 		"snowflake-arctic-embed2",
 	}
+
+	blueSkyPrompt   = "why is the sky blue? Be brief but factual in your reply"
+	blueSkyExpected = []string{"rayleigh", "scatter", "atmosphere", "nitrogen", "oxygen", "wavelength", "interact"}
+
+	rainbowPrompt    = "how do rainbows form? Be brief but factual in your reply"
+	rainbowFollowups = []string{
+		"Explain the physics involved in them.  Be breif in your reply",
+		"Explain the chemistry involved in them.  Be breif in your reply",
+		"Explain the quantum mechanics involved in them. Be breif in your reply",
+		"What are common myths related to them? Be brief in your reply",
+		"What are common fairytales related to them? Be brief in your reply",
+		"Can they form if there is no rain?  Be breif in your reply",
+		"Can they form if there are no clouds?  Be breif in your reply",
+		"Do they happen on other planets? Be brief in your reply",
+	}
+	rainbowExpected = []string{"water", "droplet", "mist", "glow", "refracted", "reflect", "color", "spectrum", "frequency", "end", "gold", "fortune", "blessing", "prosperity"}
 )
 
 func init() {
 	lifecycle.InitLogging()
-	custom := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_SMOL_MODEL")
+	custom := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_DEFAULT_MODEL")
 	if custom != "" {
-		slog.Info("setting smol test model to " + custom)
+		slog.Info("setting default test model to " + custom)
 		smol = custom
 	}
 }
@@ -561,7 +577,7 @@ func GenerateRequests() ([]api.GenerateRequest, [][]string) {
 				KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
 			}, {
 				Model:     smol,
-				Prompt:    "what is the origin of the US thanksgiving holiday? Be brief but factual in your reply",
+				Prompt:    "how do rainbows form? Be brief but factual in your reply",
 				Stream:    &stream,
 				KeepAlive: &api.Duration{Duration: 10 * time.Second},
 			}, {
@@ -577,11 +593,11 @@ func GenerateRequests() ([]api.GenerateRequest, [][]string) {
 			},
 		},
 		[][]string{
-			{"sunlight", "scattering", "interact", "color", "surface", "depth", "red", "orange", "yellow", "absorbs", "wavelength"},
-			{"soil", "organic", "earth", "black", "tan", "chemical", "processes", "pigments", "particles", "iron oxide", "rust", "air", "water", "mixture", "mixing"},
-			{"england", "english", "massachusetts", "pilgrims", "colonists", "independence", "british", "feast", "family", "gatherings", "traditions", "turkey", "colonial", "period", "harvest", "agricultural", "european settlers", "american revolution", "civil war", "16th century", "17th century", "native american", "united states", "cultural", "hardship", "autumn", "festival"},
+			{"sunlight", "scatter", "interact", "color", "surface", "depth", "red", "orange", "yellow", "absorb", "wavelength", "water", "molecule"},
+			{"soil", "organic", "earth", "black", "tan", "chemical", "processes", "pigment", "particle", "iron oxide", "rust", "air", "water", "wet", "mixture", "mixing", "mineral", "element", "decomposed", "matter", "wavelength"},
+			{"water", "droplet", "refract", "reflect", "color", "spectrum", "raindrop"},
 			{"fourth", "july", "declaration", "independence"},
-			{"nitrogen", "oxygen", "carbon", "dioxide"},
+			{"nitrogen", "oxygen", "carbon", "dioxide", "water", "vapor", "fluid", "particles", "gas"},
 		}
 }
 

llama/llama.go

@@ -515,33 +515,34 @@ func (c *MtmdContext) NewEmbed(llamaContext *Context, data []byte) ([][]float32,
 	}
 	nChunks := C.mtmd_input_chunks_size(ic)
 	numEmbed := llamaContext.Model().NEmbd()
-	lastChunkSize := 0
+	embed := make([][]float32, 0)
 	for i := range int(nChunks) {
 		chunk := C.mtmd_input_chunks_get(ic, C.size_t(i))
 		numTokens := int(C.mtmd_input_chunk_get_n_tokens(chunk))
-		lastChunkSize = numTokens
+		slog.Debug("chunk tokens", "index", i, "numTokens", numTokens)
 
 		// Encode the chunk
 		if C.int32_t(0) != C.mtmd_encode_chunk(c.c, chunk) {
 			return nil, errors.New("unable to encode mtmd image chunk")
 		}
-	}
 
-	// Get the embeddings
-	embed := make([][]float32, lastChunkSize)
-	embd := C.mtmd_get_output_embd(c.c)
-	if nil == embd {
-		return nil, errors.New("failed to get image embedding")
-	}
+		// Get the embeddings for this chunk
+		chunkEmbed := make([][]float32, numTokens)
+		chunkEmbd := C.mtmd_get_output_embd(c.c)
+		if nil == chunkEmbd {
+			continue
+		}
 
-	// Extend the embedding array for each token
-	s := unsafe.Slice((*float32)(embd), numEmbed*lastChunkSize)
-	rows := make([]float32, len(s))
-	copy(rows, s)
-	for i := range lastChunkSize {
-		embed[i] = rows[i*numEmbed : (i+1)*numEmbed]
+		// Extend the embedding array for each token
+		s := unsafe.Slice((*float32)(chunkEmbd), numTokens*numEmbed)
+		rows := make([]float32, len(s))
+		copy(rows, s)
+		for i := range numTokens {
+			chunkEmbed[i] = rows[i*numEmbed : (i+1)*numEmbed]
+		}
+		embed = append(embed, chunkEmbed...)
 	}
-
+	slog.Debug("image embeddings", "totalEmbeddings", len(embed))
 	return embed, nil
 }
 

llm/memory.go

@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func estimateGPULayers(gpus []discover.GpuInfo, f *ggml.GGML, projectors []strin
 	var kvct string
 	if useFlashAttention {
 		requested := strings.ToLower(envconfig.KvCacheType())
-		if requested != "" && f.SupportsKVCacheType(requested) {
+		if f.SupportsKVCacheType(requested) {
 			kvct = requested
 		}
 	}

llm/server.go

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
 )
 
 type filteredEnv []string
@@ -149,7 +148,11 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, modelPath string, f *ggml.GGML, a
 	var textProcessor model.TextProcessor
 	var err error
 	if envconfig.NewEngine() || f.KV().OllamaEngineRequired() {
-		textProcessor, err = model.NewTextProcessor(modelPath)
+		if len(projectors) == 0 {
+			textProcessor, err = model.NewTextProcessor(modelPath)
+		} else {
+			err = errors.New("split vision models aren't supported")
+		}
 		if err != nil {
 			// To prepare for opt-out mode, instead of treating this as an error, we fallback to the old runner
 			slog.Debug("model not yet supported by Ollama engine, switching to compatibility mode", "model", modelPath, "error", err)
@@ -162,11 +165,6 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, modelPath string, f *ggml.GGML, a
 		}
 	}
 
-	newEstimates := textProcessor != nil && envconfig.NewMemoryEstimates()
-	if newEstimates {
-		slog.Info("enabling new memory estimates")
-	}
-
 	// Verify the requested context size is <= the model training size
 	trainCtx := f.KV().ContextLength()
 	if opts.NumCtx > int(trainCtx) && trainCtx > 0 {
@@ -221,7 +219,7 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, modelPath string, f *ggml.GGML, a
 
 		// Flash Attention also supports kv cache quantization
 		// Enable if the requested and kv cache type is supported by the model
-		if kvct != "" && f.SupportsKVCacheType(kvct) {
+		if f.SupportsKVCacheType(kvct) {
 			loadRequest.KvCacheType = kvct
 		} else {
 			slog.Warn("kv cache type not supported by model", "type", kvct)
@@ -434,7 +432,7 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, modelPath string, f *ggml.GGML, a
 			}
 		}()
 
-		if newEstimates {
+		if textProcessor != nil {
 			return &ollamaServer{llmServer: s}, nil
 		} else {
 			return &llamaServer{llmServer: s, ggml: f}, nil
@@ -1350,9 +1348,7 @@ type CompletionRequest struct {
 	Images  []ImageData
 	Options *api.Options
 
-	Grammar       string // set before sending the request to the subprocess
-	ParserType    parser.TokenParserType
-	PrefillString string
+	Grammar string // set before sending the request to the subprocess
 }
 
 // DoneReason represents the reason why a completion response is done
@@ -1379,15 +1375,13 @@ func (d DoneReason) String() string {
 }
 
 type CompletionResponse struct {
-	Content            string         `json:"content"`
-	Thinking           string         `json:"thinking"`
-	ToolCalls          []api.ToolCall `json:"tool_calls"`
-	DoneReason         DoneReason     `json:"done_reason"`
-	Done               bool           `json:"done"`
-	PromptEvalCount    int            `json:"prompt_eval_count"`
-	PromptEvalDuration time.Duration  `json:"prompt_eval_duration"`
-	EvalCount          int            `json:"eval_count"`
-	EvalDuration       time.Duration  `json:"eval_duration"`
+	Content            string        `json:"content"`
+	DoneReason         DoneReason    `json:"done_reason"`
+	Done               bool          `json:"done"`
+	PromptEvalCount    int           `json:"prompt_eval_count"`
+	PromptEvalDuration time.Duration `json:"prompt_eval_duration"`
+	EvalCount          int           `json:"eval_count"`
+	EvalDuration       time.Duration `json:"eval_duration"`
 }
 
 func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn func(CompletionResponse)) error {
@@ -1505,8 +1499,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 				return fmt.Errorf("error unmarshalling llm prediction response: %v", err)
 			}
 			switch {
-			// TODO(parthsareen): token repeat limit is now handled in the runner, this currently support legacy model and can be removed in the future
-			case strings.TrimSpace(c.Content) == lastToken && c.Content != "":
+			case strings.TrimSpace(c.Content) == lastToken:
 				tokenRepeat++
 			default:
 				lastToken = strings.TrimSpace(c.Content)
@@ -1519,14 +1512,16 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 				return ctx.Err()
 			}
 
+			if c.Content != "" {
+				fn(CompletionResponse{
+					Content: c.Content,
+				})
+			}
+
 			if c.Done {
 				fn(c)
 				return nil
 			}
-
-			if c.Content != "" || c.Thinking != "" || len(c.ToolCalls) > 0 {
-				fn(c)
-			}
 		}
 	}
 

logutil/logutil.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
 )
 
 const LevelTrace slog.Level = -8
@@ -29,10 +31,18 @@ func NewLogger(w io.Writer, level slog.Level) *slog.Logger {
 	}))
 }
 
+type key string
+
 func Trace(msg string, args ...any) {
-	slog.Log(context.TODO(), LevelTrace, msg, args...)
+	TraceContext(context.WithValue(context.TODO(), key("skip"), 1), msg, args...)
 }
 
 func TraceContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any) {
-	slog.Log(ctx, LevelTrace, msg, args...)
+	if logger := slog.Default(); logger.Enabled(ctx, LevelTrace) {
+		skip, _ := ctx.Value(key("skip")).(int)
+		pc, _, _, _ := runtime.Caller(1 + skip)
+		record := slog.NewRecord(time.Now(), LevelTrace, msg, pc)
+		record.Add(args...)
+		logger.Handler().Handle(ctx, record)
+	}
 }

ml/backend.go

@@ -416,6 +416,7 @@ type Tensor interface {
 	AddID(ctx Context, t2, ids Tensor) Tensor
 
 	Softmax(ctx Context) Tensor
+	L2Norm(ctx Context, eps float32) Tensor
 	LayerNorm(ctx Context, weight, bias Tensor, eps float32) Tensor
 	RMSNorm(ctx Context, weight Tensor, eps float32) Tensor
 	Scale(ctx Context, s float64) Tensor
@@ -429,12 +430,13 @@ type Tensor interface {
 	Sin(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Cos(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Tanh(ctx Context) Tensor
-	GELU(ctx Context) Tensor
-	QuickGELU(ctx Context) Tensor
-	SILU(ctx Context) Tensor
-	RELU(ctx Context) Tensor
+	GELU(ctx Context, up ...Tensor) Tensor
+	SILU(ctx Context, up ...Tensor) Tensor
+	RELU(ctx Context, up ...Tensor) Tensor
 	Sigmoid(ctx Context) Tensor
-	SwiGLU(ctx Context, up Tensor, alpha, limit float32) Tensor
+
+	// AlphaLimitSILU is a variant of SILU that clamps the input to the range [-limit, limit]
+	SILUAlphaLimit(ctx Context, up Tensor, alpha, limit float32) Tensor
 
 	Reshape(ctx Context, shape ...int) Tensor
 	View(ctx Context, offset int, shape ...int) Tensor

ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go

@@ -1205,6 +1205,13 @@ func (t *Tensor) AddID(ctx ml.Context, t2, ids ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
 	}
 }
 
+func (t *Tensor) L2Norm(ctx ml.Context, eps float32) ml.Tensor {
+	return &Tensor{
+		b: t.b,
+		t: C.ggml_l2_norm(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, C.float(eps)),
+	}
+}
+
 func (t *Tensor) LayerNorm(ctx ml.Context, w, b ml.Tensor, eps float32) ml.Tensor {
 	tt := C.ggml_norm(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, C.float(eps))
 	if w != nil {
@@ -1424,35 +1431,46 @@ func (t *Tensor) IM2Col(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor, s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1 int
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *Tensor) GELU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
+func (t *Tensor) GELU(ctx ml.Context, t2 ...ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	if len(t2) > 0 {
+		return &Tensor{
+			b: t.b,
+			t: C.ggml_geglu_split(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2[0].(*Tensor).t),
+		}
+	}
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_gelu_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *Tensor) QuickGELU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
-	return &Tensor{
-		b: t.b,
-		t: C.ggml_gelu_quick_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
+func (t *Tensor) SILU(ctx ml.Context, t2 ...ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	if len(t2) > 0 {
+		return &Tensor{
+			b: t.b,
+			t: C.ggml_swiglu_split(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2[0].(*Tensor).t),
+		}
 	}
-}
-
-func (t *Tensor) SILU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_silu_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *Tensor) RELU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
+func (t *Tensor) RELU(ctx ml.Context, t2 ...ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	if len(t2) > 0 {
+		return &Tensor{
+			b: t.b,
+			t: C.ggml_reglu_split(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2[0].(*Tensor).t),
+		}
+	}
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_relu_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *Tensor) SwiGLU(ctx ml.Context, up ml.Tensor, alpha, limit float32) ml.Tensor {
+func (t *Tensor) SILUAlphaLimit(ctx ml.Context, up ml.Tensor, alpha, limit float32) ml.Tensor {
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
 		t: C.ggml_swiglu_oai(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, up.(*Tensor).t, C.float(alpha), C.float(limit)),

ml/nn/attention.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ func Attention(ctx ml.Context, query, key, value ml.Tensor, scale float64, cache
 }
 
 func AttentionWithSinks(ctx ml.Context, query, key, value, sinks ml.Tensor, scale float64, cache kvcache.Cache) ml.Tensor {
+	ctx.Forward(query)
 	if key != nil && value != nil {
 		if query.Dim(0) != key.Dim(0) {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("d_k in attention operation does not match between query(%v) and key(%v)", query.Dim(0), key.Dim(0)))
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ func AttentionWithSinks(ctx ml.Context, query, key, value, sinks ml.Tensor, scal
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("seq_len_k in attention operation does not match between key(%v) and value(%v)", key.Dim(2), value.Dim(2)))
 		}
 
+		ctx.Forward(key, value)
 		if cache != nil {
 			cache.Put(ctx, key, value)
 		}

ml/nn/pooling/pooling.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package pooling
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+)
+
+type Type uint32
+
+const (
+	TypeNone Type = iota
+	TypeMean
+	TypeCLS
+	TypeLast
+)
+
+func (t Type) String() string {
+	switch t {
+	case TypeMean:
+		return "Mean"
+	case TypeCLS:
+		return "CLS"
+	case TypeLast:
+		return "Last"
+	default:
+		return "Unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Type) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	switch t {
+	case TypeMean:
+		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx).Mean(ctx)
+		return hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+	case TypeCLS:
+		return hiddenStates.View(ctx, 0, hiddenStates.Dim(0))
+	case TypeLast:
+		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.View(ctx, (hiddenStates.Dim(1)-1)*hiddenStates.Stride(1), hiddenStates.Dim(0))
+		return hiddenStates
+	default:
+		panic("unknown pooling type")
+	}
+}

ml/nn/pooling/pooling_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package pooling_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/discover"
+	fsggml "github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend/ggml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
+)
+
+func setup(tb testing.TB, n int) ml.Backend {
+	tb.Helper()
+
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(tb.TempDir(), "*.bin")
+	if err != nil {
+		tb.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	if err := fsggml.WriteGGUF(f, fsggml.KV{
+		"general.architecture": "test",
+		"test.block_count":     uint32(1),
+	}, []*fsggml.Tensor{
+		{Name: "blk.0.weight", Shape: []uint64{1}, WriterTo: bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 4))},
+	}); err != nil {
+		tb.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var gpuLayers ml.GPULayersList
+	if gpus := discover.GetGPUInfo(); len(gpus) > 0 {
+		gpuLayers = append(gpuLayers, ml.GPULayers{
+			ID: gpus[0].ID,
+			Layers: slices.Collect(func(yield func(int) bool) {
+				for i := range n {
+					if !yield(i) {
+						return
+					}
+				}
+			}),
+		})
+	}
+	b, err := ggml.New(f.Name(), ml.BackendParams{AllocMemory: true, GPULayers: gpuLayers})
+	if err != nil {
+		tb.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	return b
+}
+
+func TestForward(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[pooling.Type][]float32{
+		pooling.TypeMean: {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
+		pooling.TypeCLS:  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7},
+		pooling.TypeLast: {8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15},
+	}
+	for typ, want := range cases {
+		t.Run(typ.String(), func(t *testing.T) {
+			b := setup(t, 99)
+			defer b.Close()
+
+			ctx := b.NewContext()
+			defer ctx.Close()
+
+			tt := ctx.Input().Arange(0, 16, 1, ml.DTypeF32).Reshape(ctx, 8, 2)
+			tt = typ.Forward(ctx, tt)
+
+			ctx.Forward(tt).Compute(tt)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(want, tt.Floats()); diff != "" {
+				t.Error(diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

model/bytepairencoding.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"iter"
 	"log/slog"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/dlclark/regexp2"
@@ -13,16 +14,28 @@ import (
 )
 
 type BytePairEncoding struct {
-	pre   *regexp2.Regexp
-	vocab *Vocabulary
+	vocab   *Vocabulary
+	regexps []*regexp2.Regexp
 }
 
 var _ TextProcessor = (*BytePairEncoding)(nil)
 
-func NewBytePairEncoding(pre string, vocab *Vocabulary) BytePairEncoding {
+func NewBytePairEncoding(vocab *Vocabulary, pretokenizers ...string) BytePairEncoding {
+	if len(pretokenizers) == 0 {
+		// set default byte-level pretokenizer if none provided, e.g.
+		// https://github.com/huggingface/tokenizers/blob/main/tokenizers/src/pre_tokenizers/byte_level.rs#L44
+		pretokenizers = []string{`'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d| ?\p{L}+| ?\p{N}+| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`}
+	}
+
 	return BytePairEncoding{
-		pre:   regexp2.MustCompile(pre, regexp2.None),
 		vocab: vocab,
+		regexps: slices.Collect(func(yield func(*regexp2.Regexp) bool) {
+			for _, p := range pretokenizers {
+				if !yield(regexp2.MustCompile(p, regexp2.RE2)) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -35,13 +48,36 @@ func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Is(id int32, special Special) bool {
 }
 
 func (bpe *BytePairEncoding) split(s string) iter.Seq[string] {
-	return func(yield func(string) bool) {
-		for m, _ := bpe.pre.FindStringMatch(s); m != nil; m, _ = bpe.pre.FindNextMatch(m) {
-			if !yield(m.String()) {
-				break
+	parts := []string{s}
+	for _, re := range bpe.regexps {
+		parts = slices.Collect(func(yield func(string) bool) {
+			for _, part := range parts {
+				r := []rune(part)
+				var offset int
+				for m, _ := re.FindRunesMatch(r); m != nil; m, _ = re.FindNextMatch(m) {
+					if offset-m.Index != 0 {
+						if !yield(string(r[:m.Index])) {
+							return
+						}
+					}
+
+					if !yield(m.String()) {
+						return
+					}
+
+					offset = m.Index + m.Length
+				}
+
+				if offset < len(r) {
+					if !yield(string(r[offset:])) {
+						return
+					}
+				}
 			}
-		}
+		})
 	}
+
+	return slices.Values(parts)
 }
 
 // fragment is a string fragment and their corresponding token IDs

model/bytepairencoding_test.go

@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ func llama(t testing.TB) BytePairEncoding {
 	}
 
 	return NewBytePairEncoding(
-		`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		&Vocabulary{
 			Values: tokens,
 			Types:  types,
 			Merges: merges,
 		},
+		"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
 	)
 }
 
@@ -282,3 +282,41 @@ func BenchmarkBytePairEncoding(b *testing.B) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSplit(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		patterns,
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "default",
+			want: []string{"Hello", ",", " WORLD", "!!", " How", "'s", " it", " going", "?", " 123", " 一二三"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unicode",
+			patterns: []string{
+				"\\p{N}{1,3}",
+				`[一-龥぀-ゟ゠-ヿ]+`,
+				"[!\"#$%&'()*+,\\-./:;<=>?@\\[\\\\\\]^_`{|}~][A-Za-z]+|[^\r\n\\p{L}\\p{P}\\p{S}]?[\\p{L}\\p{M}]+| ?[\\p{P}\\p{S}]+[\r\n]*|\\s*[\r\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
+			},
+			want: []string{"Hello", ",", " WORLD", "!!", " How", "'s", " it", " going", "?", " ", "123", " ", "一二三"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "individual digits",
+			patterns: []string{
+				"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
+			},
+			want: []string{"Hello", ",", " WORLD", "!!", " How", "'s", " it", " going", "?", " ", "1", "2", "3", " 一二三"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tokenizer := NewBytePairEncoding(nil, tt.patterns...)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, slices.Collect(tokenizer.split("Hello, WORLD!! How's it going? 123 一二三"))); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("no match (-theirs +ours):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

model/input/input.go

@@ -54,10 +54,9 @@ type Batch struct {
 	// Inputs is the input tokens, including placeholders for multimodal inputs.
 	Inputs ml.Tensor
 
-	// Multimodal is a set of multimodal embeddings previously created by
-	// EncodeMultimodal, along with an index into Inputs. Unused for text-only
-	// models or for batches without multimodal elements.
-	Multimodal []MultimodalIndex
+	// Outputs are the set of indicies into Inputs for which output data should
+	// be returned.
+	Outputs ml.Tensor
 
 	// Positions is the position for each Input, relative to its sequence. Equal
 	// in length to Inputs.
@@ -66,7 +65,8 @@ type Batch struct {
 	// Sequences is the sequence for each Input. Equal in length to Inputs.
 	Sequences []int
 
-	// Outputs are the set of indicies into Inputs for which output data should
-	// be returned.
-	Outputs []int32
+	// Multimodal is a set of multimodal embeddings previously created by
+	// EncodeMultimodal, along with an index into Inputs. Unused for text-only
+	// models or for batches without multimodal elements.
+	Multimodal []MultimodalIndex
 }

model/model.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	_ "image/jpeg"
 	_ "image/png"
-	"math"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
@@ -21,10 +21,15 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
-var ErrNoVisionModel = errors.New("this model is missing data required for image input")
+var (
+	ErrNoVisionModel        = errors.New("this model is missing data required for image input")
+	ErrUnsupportedModel     = errors.New("model not supported")
+	ErrUnsupportedTokenizer = errors.New("tokenizer not supported")
+)
 
 // Model implements a specific model architecture, defining the forward pass and any model-specific configuration
 type Model interface {
@@ -103,23 +108,12 @@ func New(modelPath string, params ml.BackendParams) (Model, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	arch := b.Config().Architecture()
-	if b.Config().Uint("pooling_type", math.MaxUint32) != math.MaxUint32 {
-		arch = arch + "_embed"
-	}
-
-	f, ok := models[arch]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported model architecture %q", arch)
-	}
-
-	m, err := f(b.Config())
+	m, err := modelForArch(b.Config())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	base := Base{b: b, config: m.Config()}
-
 	v := reflect.ValueOf(m)
 	v.Elem().Set(populateFields(base, v.Elem()))
 	return m, nil
@@ -131,30 +125,38 @@ func NewTextProcessor(s string) (TextProcessor, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer r.Close()
+
 	meta, err := fsggml.Decode(r, -1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return getTextProcessor(meta.KV())
-}
 
-func getTextProcessor(kv fsggml.KV) (TextProcessor, error) {
-	arch := kv.Architecture()
-	f, ok := models[arch]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported model architecture %q", arch)
-	}
-	m, err := f(kv)
+	m, err := modelForArch(meta.KV())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
 	tp, ok := m.(TextProcessor)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%v is not a TextProcessor", m)
+		return nil, ErrUnsupportedTokenizer
 	}
 	return tp, nil
 }
 
+func modelForArch(c fs.Config) (Model, error) {
+	arch := c.Architecture()
+	if pooling.Type(c.Uint("pooling_type")) != pooling.TypeNone {
+		arch = arch + "_embed"
+	}
+
+	f, ok := models[arch]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, ErrUnsupportedModel
+	}
+
+	return f(c)
+}
+
 func populateFields(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags ...Tag) reflect.Value {
 	t := v.Type()
 
@@ -170,35 +172,44 @@ func populateFields(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags ...Tag) reflect.Value {
 			// make a copy
 			tagsCopy := tags
 			if tag := t.Field(i).Tag.Get("gguf"); tag != "" {
-				tagsCopy = append(tagsCopy, ParseTags(tag))
+				tagsCopy = append(tagsCopy, parseTag(tag))
 			}
 
 			if tt == reflect.TypeOf((*Base)(nil)).Elem() {
 				vv.Set(reflect.ValueOf(base))
 			} else if tt == reflect.TypeOf((*ml.Tensor)(nil)).Elem() {
-				var fn func([]Tag) [][]string
-				fn = func(tags []Tag) (names [][]string) {
+				var fn func([]Tag, string, string) [][]string
+				fn = func(tags []Tag, prefix, suffix string) (fullNames [][]string) {
 					if len(tags) > 0 {
-						localNames := []string{tags[0].Name}
-						localNames = append(localNames, tags[0].Alternate...)
-
-						for _, localName := range localNames {
-							fullName := []string{localName}
-							nested := fn(tags[1:])
-							if len(nested) > 0 {
-								for _, rest := range nested {
-									names = append(names, append(fullName, rest...))
+						var names []string
+						if tags[0].name != "" {
+							for _, n := range append([]string{tags[0].name}, tags[0].alternatives...) {
+								names = append(names, prefix+n+suffix)
+							}
+						}
+						childNames := fn(tags[1:], tags[0].prefix, tags[0].suffix)
+						if len(names) == 0 {
+							// current tag has no name, use child names only
+							fullNames = append(fullNames, childNames...)
+						} else if len(childNames) == 0 {
+							// current tag has names but no children, create branches for each name
+							for _, name := range names {
+								fullNames = append(fullNames, []string{name})
+							}
+						} else {
+							// merge each name with each child
+							for _, name := range names {
+								for _, childName := range childNames {
+									fullNames = append(fullNames, append([]string{name}, childName...))
 								}
-							} else {
-								names = append(names, fullName)
 							}
 						}
 					}
 
-					return names
+					return fullNames
 				}
 
-				names := fn(tagsCopy)
+				names := fn(tagsCopy, "", "")
 				for _, name := range names {
 					if tensor := base.Backend().Get(strings.Join(name, ".")); tensor != nil {
 						logutil.Trace("found tensor", "", tensor)
@@ -212,9 +223,9 @@ func populateFields(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags ...Tag) reflect.Value {
 				for i := range vv.Len() {
 					vvv := vv.Index(i)
 					if vvv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer || vvv.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
-						setPointer(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{Name: strconv.Itoa(i)}))
+						setPointer(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{name: strconv.Itoa(i)}))
 					} else {
-						vvv.Set(populateFields(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{Name: strconv.Itoa(i)})...))
+						vvv.Set(populateFields(base, vvv, append(tagsCopy, Tag{name: strconv.Itoa(i)})...))
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -242,7 +253,7 @@ func setPointer(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags []Tag) {
 		vv = vv.Elem()
 	}
 
-	vv = vv.Elem()
+	vv = reflect.Indirect(vv)
 	if v.IsNil() {
 		vv = reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()).Elem()
 	}
@@ -253,18 +264,31 @@ func setPointer(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags []Tag) {
 }
 
 type Tag struct {
-	Name      string
-	Alternate []string
+	name,
+	// prefix and suffix are applied to child tags
+	prefix,
+	suffix string
+	alternatives []string
 }
 
-func ParseTags(s string) (tag Tag) {
+func parseTag(s string) (tag Tag) {
 	parts := strings.Split(s, ",")
 	if len(parts) > 0 {
-		tag.Name = parts[0]
+		tag.name = parts[0]
 
 		for _, part := range parts[1:] {
-			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "alt:"); ok {
-				tag.Alternate = append(tag.Alternate, value)
+			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "alt:"); ok && tag.name == "" {
+				// elevate alternative to primary if no primary given
+				tag.name = value
+				slog.Warn("gguf tag has alt: but no primary name", "tag", s)
+			} else if ok {
+				tag.alternatives = append(tag.alternatives, value)
+			}
+			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "pre:"); ok {
+				tag.prefix = value
+			}
+			if value, ok := strings.CutPrefix(part, "suf:"); ok {
+				tag.suffix = value
 			}
 		}
 	}

model/model_test.go

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package model
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"reflect"
 	"slices"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend/ggml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 func TestParseTags(t *testing.T) {
@@ -23,14 +22,14 @@ func TestParseTags(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			value: "output",
 			want: Tag{
-				Name: "output",
+				name: "output",
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			value: "output,alt:token_embd",
 			want: Tag{
-				Name: "output",
-				Alternate: []string{
+				name: "output",
+				alternatives: []string{
 					"token_embd",
 				},
 			},
@@ -39,8 +38,8 @@ func TestParseTags(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		t.Run(tt.value, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := ParseTags(tt.value)
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, got); diff != "" {
+			got := parseTag(tt.value)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, got, cmp.AllowUnexported((Tag{}))); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("ParseTags() returned unexpected values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 			}
 		})
@@ -126,6 +125,7 @@ func TestPopulateFieldsAlternateName(t *testing.T) {
 		Input  *nn.Embedding `gguf:"input"`
 		Output *nn.Linear    `gguf:"output,alt:input"`
 		Nested *nested       `gguf:"nested"`
+		Tensor ml.Tensor     `gguf:"leaf,alt:tensor"`
 	}
 
 	var m fakeModel
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ func TestPopulateFieldsAlternateName(t *testing.T) {
 		names: []string{
 			"input.weight",
 			"nested.b.weight",
+			"leaf",
 		},
 	}}, v.Elem()))
 
@@ -143,44 +144,115 @@ func TestPopulateFieldsAlternateName(t *testing.T) {
 		Nested: &nested{
 			Weight: &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "nested.b.weight"}},
 		},
+		Tensor: &fakeTensor{Name: "leaf"},
 	}, m); diff != "" {
 		t.Errorf("populateFields() set incorrect values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestGetTextProcessor(t *testing.T) {
-	tp, err := getTextProcessor(fsggml.KV{})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected error")
-	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unsupported model architecture") {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	} else if tp != nil {
-		t.Error("expected nil tp")
+func TestPopulateFieldsPrefixSuffixName(t *testing.T) {
+	type fakeBlock struct {
+		A  *nn.Linear `gguf:"a"`
+		B  *nn.Linear `gguf:",pre:b_"`
+		C  *nn.Linear `gguf:",suf:_c"`
+		XY *nn.Linear `gguf:",pre:x_,suf:_y"`
 	}
 
-	models["dummy"] = func(fs.Config) (Model, error) {
-		return notTextProcessorModel{}, nil
+	type fakeModel struct {
+		Blocks []fakeBlock `gguf:"blk"`
 	}
-	tp, err = getTextProcessor(fsggml.KV{"general.architecture": "dummy"})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected error")
-	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not a TextProcessor") {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	} else if tp != nil {
-		t.Error("expected nil tp")
+
+	m := fakeModel{
+		Blocks: make([]fakeBlock, 2),
+	}
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(&m)
+	v.Elem().Set(populateFields(Base{b: &fakeBackend{
+		names: []string{
+			"blk.0.a.weight",
+			"blk.0.b_weight",
+			"blk.0.b_bias",
+			"blk.0.weight_c",
+			"blk.0.x_weight_y",
+			"blk.1.a.weight",
+			"blk.1.b_weight",
+			"blk.1.b_bias",
+			"blk.1.weight_c",
+			"blk.1.x_weight_y",
+		},
+	}}, v.Elem()))
+
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(fakeModel{
+		Blocks: []fakeBlock{
+			{
+				A:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.a.weight"}},
+				B:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.b_weight"}, Bias: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.b_bias"}},
+				C:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.weight_c"}},
+				XY: &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.0.x_weight_y"}},
+			},
+			{
+				A:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.a.weight"}},
+				B:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.b_weight"}, Bias: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.b_bias"}},
+				C:  &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.weight_c"}},
+				XY: &nn.Linear{Weight: &fakeTensor{Name: "blk.1.x_weight_y"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}, m); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("populateFields() set incorrect values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 	}
 }
 
-type notTextProcessorModel struct{}
+func TestModelForArch(t *testing.T) {
+	type fakeModel struct {
+		Model
+	}
 
-func (notTextProcessorModel) Forward(ml.Context, input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	panic("unimplemented")
-}
+	type fakeEmbeddingModel struct {
+		Model
+	}
 
-func (notTextProcessorModel) Backend() ml.Backend {
-	panic("unimplemented")
-}
+	models["model"] = func(c fs.Config) (Model, error) { return fakeModel{}, nil }
+	models["model_embed"] = func(c fs.Config) (Model, error) { return fakeEmbeddingModel{}, nil }
 
-func (notTextProcessorModel) Config() config {
-	panic("unimplemented")
+	cases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		config fs.Config
+		want   any
+		err    error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "model",
+			config: fsggml.KV{
+				"general.architecture": "model",
+			},
+			want: fakeModel{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "embedding",
+			config: fsggml.KV{
+				"general.architecture": "model",
+				"model.pooling_type":   uint32(1),
+			},
+			want: fakeEmbeddingModel{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unsupported",
+			config: fsggml.KV{
+				"general.architecture": "unsupported",
+			},
+			err: ErrUnsupportedModel,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := modelForArch(tt.config)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.err) {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, got); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("modelForArch() returned unexpected values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
 }

model/models/bert/embed.go

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package bert
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
+)
+
+type Model struct {
+	model.Base
+	model.TextProcessor
+
+	TokenEmbedding     *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_embd"`
+	TypeEmbedding      *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_types"`
+	PositionEmbedding  *nn.Embedding `gguf:"position_embd"`
+	TokenEmbeddingNorm *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"token_embd_norm"`
+
+	Layers []EncoderLayer `gguf:"blk"`
+
+	Options
+}
+
+// Forward implements model.Model.
+func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	hiddenStates := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Add(ctx, m.TypeEmbedding.Weight.View(ctx, 0, m.hiddenSize))
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Add(ctx, m.PositionEmbedding.Forward(ctx, ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))))
+	hiddenStates = m.TokenEmbeddingNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps)
+
+	for _, layer := range m.Layers {
+		hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, &m.Options)
+	}
+
+	hiddenStates = m.poolingType.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	if m.normalize {
+		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.L2Norm(ctx, 1e-12)
+	}
+
+	return hiddenStates, nil
+}
+
+type EncoderLayer struct {
+	*Attention
+	AttentionNorm *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"attn_output_norm"`
+
+	*MLP
+	MLPNorm *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"layer_output_norm"`
+}
+
+func (e *EncoderLayer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
+	// Attention
+	residual := hiddenStates
+	hiddenStates = e.Attention.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, opts)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Add(ctx, residual)
+	hiddenStates = e.AttentionNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, opts.eps)
+
+	// MLP
+	residual = hiddenStates
+	hiddenStates = e.MLP.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, opts)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Add(ctx, residual)
+	hiddenStates = e.MLPNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, opts.eps)
+
+	return hiddenStates
+}
+
+type Attention struct {
+	Query     *nn.Linear    `gguf:"attn_q"`
+	QueryNorm *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"attn_q_norm"`
+
+	Key     *nn.Linear    `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	KeyNorm *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"attn_k_norm"`
+
+	Value *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_v"`
+
+	Output *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_output"`
+}
+
+func (a *Attention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
+	batchSize := hiddenStates.Dim(1)
+
+	query := a.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	if a.QueryNorm != nil {
+		query = a.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, query, opts.eps)
+	}
+	query = query.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), opts.numHeads, batchSize)
+
+	key := a.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	if a.KeyNorm != nil {
+		key = a.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, key, opts.eps)
+	}
+	key = key.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), cmp.Or(opts.numKVHeads, opts.numHeads), batchSize)
+
+	value := a.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	value = value.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), cmp.Or(opts.numKVHeads, opts.numHeads), batchSize)
+
+	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.headDim())), nil)
+	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, opts.hiddenSize, batchSize)
+	return a.Output.Forward(ctx, attention)
+}
+
+type MLP struct {
+	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up"`
+	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down"`
+}
+
+func (m *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
+	return m.Down.Forward(ctx, m.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).GELU(ctx))
+}
+
+type Options struct {
+	hiddenSize,
+	numHeads,
+	numKVHeads,
+	keyLength,
+	valueLength int
+	poolingType pooling.Type
+	eps         float32
+	normalize   bool
+}
+
+func (o Options) headDim() int {
+	return cmp.Or(o.keyLength, o.valueLength, o.hiddenSize/o.numHeads)
+}
+
+func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
+	var processor model.TextProcessor
+	switch c.String("tokenizer.ggml.model", "bert") {
+	case "bert":
+		processor = model.NewWordPiece(
+			&model.Vocabulary{
+				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
+				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
+				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
+				AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
+				BOS: []int32{
+					int32(cmp.Or(
+						c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.cls_token_id"),
+						c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"),
+					)),
+				},
+				AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", true),
+				EOS: []int32{
+					int32(cmp.Or(
+						c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.separator_token_id"),
+						//nolint:misspell
+						// NOTE: "seperator_token_id" is a typo in model metadata but we need to
+						// support it for compatibility.
+						c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.seperator_token_id"),
+						c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"),
+					)),
+				},
+			},
+		)
+	default:
+		return nil, model.ErrUnsupportedTokenizer
+	}
+
+	return &Model{
+		TextProcessor: processor,
+		Layers:        make([]EncoderLayer, c.Uint("block_count")),
+		Options: Options{
+			hiddenSize:  int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
+			numHeads:    int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
+			numKVHeads:  int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
+			eps:         c.Float("attention.layer_norm_epsilon"),
+			poolingType: pooling.Type(c.Uint("pooling_type")),
+			normalize:   c.Bool("normalize_embeddings", true),
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func init() {
+	model.Register("bert", New)
+	model.Register("bert_embed", New)
+}

model/models/gemma2/model.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type Options struct {
 
 type Model struct {
 	model.Base
-	model.SentencePieceModel
+	model.SentencePiece
 
 	TokenEmbedding *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_embd"`
 	Layers         []Layer       `gguf:"blk"`
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const (
 
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
-		SentencePieceModel: model.NewSentencePieceModel(
+		SentencePiece: model.NewSentencePiece(
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 			attnValLen:        int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
 			eps:               c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:          c.Float("rope.freq_base", 10000.0),
-			ropeScale:         c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),
+			ropeScale:         c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1.0),
 			attnLogitSoftcap:  c.Float("attn_logit_softcapping"),
 			finalLogitSoftcap: c.Float("final_logit_softcapping"),
 		},
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 
 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	if opts.largeModelScaling {
 		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.hiddenSize/opts.numHeads)))
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 
 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 }
 
 func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.Options.attnKeyLen, m.Options.ropeBase, m.Options.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.Options.attnKeyLen, m.Options.ropeBase, 1/m.Options.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }
 
 type MLP struct {
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }
 
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ func (l *Layer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs, outputs ml.Ten
 
 func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
-	outputs := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
 
 	hiddenState := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs)
 	hiddenState = hiddenState.Scale(ctx, math.Sqrt(float64(m.Options.hiddenSize)))
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 
 		var lastLayerOutputs ml.Tensor
 		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
-			lastLayerOutputs = outputs
+			lastLayerOutputs = batch.Outputs
 		}
 
 		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, positions, lastLayerOutputs, m.Cache, m.Options)

model/models/gemma3/embed.go

@@ -1,49 +1,38 @@
 package gemma3
 
 import (
-	"errors"
-
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 type embedModel struct {
 	model.Base
-	model.SentencePieceModel
+	model.SentencePiece
 
 	*TextModel
-	PoolingType uint32
+	poolingType pooling.Type
 
 	Dense [2]*nn.Linear `gguf:"dense"`
 }
 
 func (m *embedModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	batch.Outputs = batch.Positions // return all positions
 	hiddenStates := m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch, m.Cache)
-
-	switch m.PoolingType {
-	case 0: // None
-	case 1: // Mean
-		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx).Mean(ctx)
-		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
-	default:
-		return nil, errors.New("unsupported pooling type")
-	}
-
+	hiddenStates = m.poolingType.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	for _, dense := range m.Dense {
 		hiddenStates = dense.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	}
-
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.L2Norm(ctx, 1e-12)
 	return hiddenStates, nil
 }
 
 func newEmbedModel(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := &embedModel{
-		SentencePieceModel: model.NewSentencePieceModel(
+		SentencePiece: model.NewSentencePiece(
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
@@ -61,7 +50,7 @@ func newEmbedModel(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 			},
 		),
 		TextModel:   newTextModel(c),
-		PoolingType: c.Uint("pooling_type", 0),
+		poolingType: pooling.Type(c.Uint("pooling_type", 0)),
 	}
 
 	m.Cache = kvcache.NewWrapperCache(

model/models/gemma3/model.go

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 type Model struct {
 	model.Base
-	model.SentencePieceModel
+	model.SentencePiece
 
 	*VisionModel `gguf:"v"`
 	*TextModel
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (p *MultiModalProjector) Forward(ctx ml.Context, visionOutputs ml.Tensor, i
 
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
-		SentencePieceModel: model.NewSentencePieceModel(
+		SentencePiece: model.NewSentencePiece(
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),

model/models/gemma3/model_text.go

@@ -53,7 +53,10 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon", 1e-06),
 			ropeLocalBase:  c.Float("rope.local.freq_base", 10000.0),
 			ropeGlobalBase: c.Float("rope.global.freq_base", 1000000.0),
-			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),
+			ropeScale:      1,
+			// NOTE: the rope.scaling.factor is set incorrectly in the official QAT weights
+			//       (8 instead of 1)
+			// ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1.0),
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, layer int, hiddenState, pos
 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
 	q = sa.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, q, opts.eps)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	if opts.largeModelScaling {
 		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.hiddenSize/opts.numHeads)))
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, layer int, hiddenState, pos
 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
 	k = sa.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, k, opts.eps)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@ func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.T
 		ropeBase = m.TextConfig.ropeGlobalBase
 	}
 
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.TextConfig.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, m.TextConfig.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.TextConfig.attnKeyLen, ropeBase, 1/m.TextConfig.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }
 
 type TextMLP struct {
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@ type TextMLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextConfig) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }
 
@@ -161,7 +164,6 @@ func (l *TextLayer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, layer int, hiddenState, positionIDs,
 
 func (m *TextModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch, cache kvcache.Cache) ml.Tensor {
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
-	outputs := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
 
 	hiddenState := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs)
 	hiddenState = hiddenState.Scale(ctx, math.Sqrt(float64(m.TextConfig.hiddenSize)))
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ func (m *TextModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch, cache kvcache.Cac
 
 		var lastLayerOutputs ml.Tensor
 		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
-			lastLayerOutputs = outputs
+			lastLayerOutputs = batch.Outputs
 		}
 
 		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, i, hiddenState, positions, lastLayerOutputs, cache, m.TextConfig)

model/models/gemma3n/model.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 type Model struct {
 	model.Base
-	model.SentencePieceModel
+	model.SentencePiece
 
 	*TextModel
 }
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
 		TextModel: newTextModel(c),
-		SentencePieceModel: model.NewSentencePieceModel(
+		SentencePiece: model.NewSentencePiece(
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),

model/models/gemma3n/model_text.go

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func (m *TextModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch, cache kvcache.Cac
 
 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 1, 2, 0, 3).Contiguous(ctx).Mean(ctx)
 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Permute(ctx, 2, 0, 1, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Rows(ctx, ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs)))
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Rows(ctx, batch.Outputs)
 
 	hiddenStates = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps)
 	return m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates), nil
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.T
 		ropeBase = m.ropeBaseLocal
 	}
 
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }
 
 type TextScaledWordEmbedding struct {
@@ -170,8 +170,7 @@ func (d TextLayer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, perLayerInput, position
 	}
 
 	active = d.PerLayerInputGate.Forward(ctx, active)
-	active = active.GELU(ctx)
-	active = active.Mul(ctx, perLayerInput)
+	active = active.GELU(ctx, perLayerInput)
 
 	active = d.PerLayerProjection.Forward(ctx, active)
 	active = d.PostPerLayerNorm.Forward(ctx, active, opts.eps)
@@ -257,14 +256,14 @@ func (attn TextAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions ml.Ten
 	query := attn.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	query = query.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), opts.numHeads, batchSize)
 	query = attn.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, query, opts.eps)
-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	var key, value ml.Tensor
 	if !sharedKV {
 		key = attn.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 		key = key.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
 		key = attn.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, key, opts.eps)
-		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 		value = attn.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 		value = value.Reshape(ctx, opts.headDim(), opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -292,7 +291,7 @@ func (mlp TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, activationSpa
 		hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Sub(ctx, cutoff).RELU(ctx)
 	}
 
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, upStates)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.GELU(ctx, upStates)
 	hiddenStates = mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	return hiddenStates
 }
@@ -350,7 +349,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			eps:           c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon", 1e-06),
 			ropeBase:      c.Float("rope.freq_base", 1_000_000),
 			ropeBaseLocal: c.Float("rope.freq_base_local", 10_000),
-			ropeScale:     c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),
+			ropeScale:     c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1.0),
 
 			slidingWindowPattern:    c.Bools("attention.sliding_window_pattern"),
 			activationSparsityScale: c.Floats("activation_sparsity_scale"),

model/models/gptoss/model.go

@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ func (m *Transformer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, err
 		}
 
 		var outputs ml.Tensor
-		if len(batch.Outputs) > 0 && i == len(m.TransformerBlocks)-1 {
-			outputs = ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
+		if i == len(m.TransformerBlocks)-1 {
+			outputs = batch.Outputs
 		}
 
 		hiddenStates = block.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positions, outputs, one, m.Cache, &m.Options)
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ func (mlp *MLPBlock) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, one ml.Tensor, opts *
 		up = mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
 	}
 
-	hiddenStates = gate.SwiGLU(ctx, up, 1.702, 7)
+	hiddenStates = gate.SILUAlphaLimit(ctx, up, 1.702, 7)
 
 	experts := mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
 	experts = experts.Mul(ctx, routingWeights)
@@ -227,17 +227,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Transformer{
 		TransformerBlocks: make([]TransformerBlock, c.Uint("block_count")),
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer",
-				strings.Join([]string{
-					`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
-					`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
-					`\p{N}{1,3}`,
-					` ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*`,
-					`\s*[\r\n]+`,
-					`\s+(?!\S)`,
-					`\s+`,
-				}, "|"),
-			),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -250,6 +239,15 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
+			strings.Join([]string{
+				`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
+				`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?`,
+				`\p{N}{1,3}`,
+				` ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*`,
+				`\s*[\r\n]+`,
+				`\s+(?!\S)`,
+				`\s+`,
+			}, "|"),
 		),
 		Options: Options{
 			hiddenSize:            int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),

model/models/llama/model.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package llama
 
 import (
 	"cmp"
-	"fmt"
 	"math"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
@@ -23,51 +22,80 @@ type Options struct {
 
 type Model struct {
 	model.Base
-	model.BytePairEncoding
+	model.TextProcessor
 
 	TokenEmbedding *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_embd"`
 	Layers         []Layer       `gguf:"blk"`
 	OutputNorm     *nn.RMSNorm   `gguf:"output_norm"`
 	Output         *nn.Linear    `gguf:"output,alt:token_embd"`
 
-	*Options
+	Options
 }
 
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
-	// This model currently only supports the gpt2 tokenizer
-	if c.String("tokenizer.ggml.model") == "llama" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported tokenizer: llama")
+	if c.Uint("expert_count") > 0 {
+		// TODO: support mixtures of experts
+		return nil, model.ErrUnsupportedModel
 	}
-	// Best effort detection of library/deepseek-coder model(s) which are incompatible
-	if c.String("general.name") == "deepseek-ai" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported model: %s", c.String("general.name"))
-	}
-	m := Model{
-		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
-			&model.Vocabulary{
-				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
-				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
-				Merges: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.merges"),
-				AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
-				BOS:    []int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"))},
-				AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
-				EOS: append(
-					[]int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"))},
-					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
-				),
-			},
+
+	var processor model.TextProcessor
+	vocabulary := model.Vocabulary{
+		Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
+		Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
+		Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
+		Merges: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.merges"),
+		AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
+		BOS:    []int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"))},
+		AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
+		EOS: append(
+			[]int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"))},
+			c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 		),
-		Layers: make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count")),
-		Options: &Options{
+	}
+	switch c.String("tokenizer.ggml.model") {
+	case "gpt2":
+		var pretokenizers []string
+		switch c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pre") {
+		case "default":
+			// no-op use the default bpe pretokenizer
+		case "qwen2":
+			pretokenizers = []string{
+				"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
+			}
+		case "refact":
+			pretokenizers = []string{
+				`\p{N}`,
+				`'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d| ?\p{L}+| ?\p{N}+| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
+			}
+		case "tekken":
+			pretokenizers = []string{
+				"[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?[\\p{Lu}\\p{Lt}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]*[\\p{Ll}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]+|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?[\\p{Lu}\\p{Lt}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]+[\\p{Ll}\\p{Lm}\\p{Lo}\\p{M}]*|\\p{N}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n/]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
+			}
+		default:
+			// use a llama-style pretokenizer
+			pretokenizers = []string{
+				"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\\r\\n\\p{L}\\p{N}]?\\p{L}+|\\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\\s\\p{L}\\p{N}]+[\\r\\n]*|\\s*[\\r\\n]+|\\s+(?!\\S)|\\s+",
+			}
+		}
+		processor = model.NewBytePairEncoding(&vocabulary, pretokenizers...)
+	case "llama":
+		processor = model.NewSentencePiece(&vocabulary)
+	default:
+		return nil, model.ErrUnsupportedTokenizer
+	}
+
+	m := Model{
+		TextProcessor: processor,
+		Layers:        make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count")),
+		Options: Options{
 			hiddenSize: int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
 			numHeads:   int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
 			numKVHeads: int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
 			headDim:    int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
 			ropeDim:    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			eps:        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
-			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base", 1e5),
+			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -98,8 +126,8 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.Tenso
 	value := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
 
-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
 
 	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(headDim)), cache)
 	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, headDim*opts.numHeads, batchSize)
@@ -108,7 +136,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.Tenso
 
 func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	ropeDim := cmp.Or(m.ropeDim, m.hiddenSize/m.numHeads)
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
 }
 
 type MLP struct {
@@ -118,7 +146,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }
 
@@ -160,10 +188,10 @@ func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 
 		var outputs ml.Tensor
 		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
-			outputs = ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
+			outputs = batch.Outputs
 		}
 
-		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, positions, outputs, m.Cache, m.Options)
+		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, positions, outputs, m.Cache, &m.Options)
 	}
 
 	hiddenState = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, m.eps)

model/models/llama4/model.go

@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ func (p *Projector) Forward(ctx ml.Context, visionOutputs ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer",
-				`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -48,6 +46,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
+			`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)?|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		ImageProcessor: newImageProcessor(c),
 		VisionModel:    newVisionModel(c),
@@ -176,9 +175,7 @@ func (m *Model) PostTokenize(inputs []*input.Input) ([]*input.Input, error) {
 
 func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
-	outputs := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
-
-	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, outputs, batch, m.Cache), nil
+	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, batch.Outputs, batch, m.Cache), nil
 }
 
 func init() {

model/models/llama4/model_text.go

@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ func (sa *TextAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions, attent
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
 
 	if useRope {
-		query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
-		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+		query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+		key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
 	}
 
 	if opts.useQKNorm {
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ type TextMLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }
 
 type TextExperts struct {
-	Gate *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
-	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
-	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
+	Gate *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
+	Up   *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
+	Down *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
 }
 
 func (e *TextExperts) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, routerLogits ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ func (e *TextExperts) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, routerLogits ml.Tens
 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Repeat(ctx, 1, opts.numExpertsUsed)
 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Mul(ctx, scores)
 
-	upStates := e.Up.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
-	gateStates := e.Gate.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
-	downStates := e.Down.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, upStates.Mul(ctx, gateStates.SILU(ctx)), experts)
+	upStates := e.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
+	gateStates := e.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, experts)
+	downStates := e.Down.Forward(ctx, upStates.Mul(ctx, gateStates.SILU(ctx)), experts)
 
 	nextStates := downStates.View(ctx, 0, hiddenStates.Dim(0), downStates.Stride(2), hiddenStates.Dim(2))
 	for i := 1; i < opts.numExpertsUsed; i++ {
@@ -88,22 +88,10 @@ func (e *TextExperts) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, routerLogits ml.Tens
 	return nextStates
 }
 
-// TextSharedExpert is TextMLP with different tensor names
-type TextSharedExpert struct {
-	Gate *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_shexp"`
-	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up_shexp"`
-	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down_shexp"`
-}
-
-func (mlp *TextSharedExpert) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
-	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-}
-
 type TextMOE struct {
 	Router       *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_inp"`
 	Experts      *TextExperts
-	SharedExpert *TextSharedExpert
+	SharedExpert *TextMLP `gguf:",suf:_shexp"`
 }
 
 func (moe *TextMOE) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
@@ -196,7 +184,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			numExpertsUsed:             int(c.Uint("expert_used_count")),
 			ropeDim:                    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			ropeBase:                   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:                  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+			ropeScale:                  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
 			eps:                        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			interleaveLayerStep:        int(c.Uint("interleave_moe_layer_step", 1)),
 			noRopeInterval:             int(c.Uint("no_rope_interval", 4)),
@@ -248,5 +236,5 @@ func (m *TextModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, inputs, positions, outputs ml.Tensor
 }
 
 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].Attention.RopeFactors)), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(m.Layers[layer].Attention.RopeFactors)), nil
 }

model/models/mistral3/model.go

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ var _ model.TextProcessor = (*Model)(nil)
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := &Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
+			`[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?[\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]+[\p{Ll}\p{Lm}\p{Lo}\p{M}]*|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n/]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		TextModel:           newTextModel(c),
 		VisionModel:         newVisionModel(c),
@@ -159,9 +159,8 @@ func (m *Model) PostTokenize(inputs []*input.Input) ([]*input.Input, error) {
 
 func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
-	outputs := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
 
-	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, outputs, batch, m.Cache), nil
+	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, batch.Outputs, batch, m.Cache), nil
 }
 
 func init() {

model/models/mistral3/model_text.go

@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 
 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale)
 
 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale)
 
 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 }
 
 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale), nil
 }
 
 type MLP struct {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			ropeDim:    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			eps:        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
 		},
 	}
 }

model/models/mistral3/model_vision.go

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ type VisionMLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *VisionMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *VisionModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }
 

model/models/mllama/model.go

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ const (
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
+			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		ImageProcessor: newImageProcessor(c),
 		VisionModel:    newVisionModel(c),
@@ -107,10 +107,9 @@ func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	}
 
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
-	outputs := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
 
 	// TODO: attention mask, cross attention mask
-	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, outputs, crossAttentionStates, nil, m.Cache.(*kvcache.WrapperCache)), nil
+	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, batch.Outputs, crossAttentionStates, nil, m.Cache.(*kvcache.WrapperCache)), nil
 }
 
 func init() {

model/models/mllama/model_text.go

@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.T
 
 	query := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	query = query.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
 
 	key := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	key = key.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.RopeFactors))
 
 	value := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions ml.T
 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	// This will only get called for layers in the cache, which are just the self attention layers
 	if sa, ok := m.Transformer.Layers[layer].(*TextSelfAttentionDecoderLayer); ok {
-		return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
+		return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithFactors(sa.SelfAttention.RopeFactors)), nil
 	}
 
 	return key, nil
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ type TextMLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func newTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			ropeDim:              int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			eps:                  c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:             c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:            c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+			ropeScale:            c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
 			crossAttentionLayers: c.Ints("attention.cross_attention_layers"),
 		},
 	}

model/models/models.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package models
 
 import (
+	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/bert"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma2"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma3"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma3n"

model/models/qwen2/model.go

@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ func (attn Attention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions ml.Tensor,
 	value := attn.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
 
-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(headDim)), cache)
 	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, headDim*opts.numHeads, batchSize)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func (m Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 
 		var outputs ml.Tensor
 		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
-			outputs = ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
+			outputs = batch.Outputs
 		}
 
 		hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positions, outputs, m.Cache, &m.Options)
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (m Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 
 func (m Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	ropeDim := cmp.Or(m.ropeDim, m.hiddenSize/m.numHeads)
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }
 
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := Model{
 		Layers: make([]DecoderLayer, c.Uint("block_count")),
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -152,6 +151,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
+			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		Options: Options{
 			hiddenSize: int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 			headDim:    int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
 			ropeDim:    int(c.Uint("rope.dimension_count")),
 			ropeBase:   c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+			ropeScale:  c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
 			eps:        c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 		},
 	}

model/models/qwen25vl/model.go

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ var _ model.MultimodalProcessor = (*Model)(nil)
 func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	m := &Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
+			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		TextModel:      NewTextModel(c),
 		VisionModel:    newVisionModel(c),
@@ -140,9 +140,8 @@ func (m *Model) PostTokenize(inputs []*input.Input) ([]*input.Input, error) {
 
 func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
-	outputs := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
 
-	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, outputs, batch, m.Cache)
+	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs, positions, batch.Outputs, batch, m.Cache)
 }
 
 func init() {

model/models/qwen25vl/model_text.go

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func NewTextModel(c fs.Config) *TextModel {
 			originalContextLength: int(c.Uint("context_length", 128000)),
 			eps:                   c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:              c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:             c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+			ropeScale:             c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 
 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	q = fast.RoPE(ctx, q, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	k = fast.RoPE(ctx, k, positionIDs, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(opts.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 
 // Shift applies rotary position embeddings to the key tensor for causal attention caching
 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(m.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithOriginalContextLength(m.originalContextLength), rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }
 
 // MLP implements the feed-forward network component with SwiGLU activation
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ type MLP struct {
 
 func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
 	// Apply SwiGLU activation gating
-	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
 	// Project back to hidden dimension
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 }

model/models/qwen25vl/model_vision.go

@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@ type VisionMLP struct {
 func (mlp *VisionMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *VisionModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
 	// Using activation as specified in config (likely GELU or SiLU/Swish)
 	gateOutput := mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-	upOutput := mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
-	hiddenStates = gateOutput.SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, upOutput)
+	hiddenStates = gateOutput.SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }

model/models/qwen3/embed.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package qwen3
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
+)
+
+type embedModel struct {
+	model.Base
+	model.BytePairEncoding
+
+	*Model
+	poolingType pooling.Type
+}
+
+func (m *embedModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	hiddenStates, err := m.forward(ctx, batch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hiddenStates = m.poolingType.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
+	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.L2Norm(ctx, 1e-12)
+	return hiddenStates, nil
+}
+
+func newEmbed(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
+	layers := make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count"))
+	for i := range layers {
+		layers[i].MLP = &dense{}
+	}
+	m := embedModel{
+		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
+			&model.Vocabulary{
+				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
+				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
+				Merges: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.merges"),
+				AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
+				BOS:    []int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"))},
+				AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
+				EOS: append(
+					[]int32{int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"))},
+					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
+				),
+			},
+			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
+		),
+		Model: &Model{
+			Layers: layers,
+			Options: &Options{
+				hiddenSize:     int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
+				numHeads:       int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
+				numKVHeads:     int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
+				keyLength:      int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
+				valueLength:    int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
+				eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
+				ropeBase:       c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
+				ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+				numExperts:     int(c.Uint("expert_count")),
+				numExpertsUsed: int(c.Uint("expert_used_count")),
+				normTopKProb:   c.Bool("norm_top_k_prob", true),
+			},
+		},
+		poolingType: pooling.Type(c.Uint("pooling_type")),
+	}
+
+	m.Cache = kvcache.NewCausalCache(m.Shift)
+	return &m, nil
+}

model/models/qwen3/model.go

@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ func (o Options) headDim() int {
 }
 
 type Attention struct {
-	QueryNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_q_norm"`
 	Query     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_q"`
-	KeyNorm   *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_k_norm"`
+	QueryNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_q_norm"`
 	Key       *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	KeyNorm   *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_k_norm"`
 	Value     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_v"`
 	Output    *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_output"`
 }
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ func (sa *Attention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates, positions ml.Tensor,
 	query = sa.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, query, opts.eps)
 	key = sa.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, key, opts.eps)
 
-	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
-	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	query = fast.RoPE(ctx, query, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
+	key = fast.RoPE(ctx, key, positions, opts.headDim(), opts.ropeBase, 1./opts.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX())
 
 	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1./math.Sqrt(float64(opts.headDim())), cache)
 	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, attention.Dim(0)*attention.Dim(1), batchSize)
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ type MLP interface {
 }
 
 type sparse struct {
-	Router *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_inp"`
-	Gate   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
-	Up     *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
-	Down   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
+	Router *nn.Linear      `gguf:"ffn_gate_inp"`
+	Gate   *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_gate_exps"`
+	Up     *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_up_exps"`
+	Down   *nn.LinearBatch `gguf:"ffn_down_exps"`
 }
 
 func (mlp *sparse) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
@@ -87,13 +87,9 @@ func (mlp *sparse) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, opts *Options
 
 	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Reshape(ctx, hiddenStates.Dim(0), 1, hiddenStates.Dim(1))
 
-	upStates := mlp.Up.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts).SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts))
 
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.SILU(ctx)
-	hiddenStates = hiddenStates.Mul(ctx, upStates)
-
-	experts := mlp.Down.Weight.MulmatID(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
+	experts := mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, selectedExperts)
 	experts = experts.Mul(ctx, routingWeights)
 
 	nextStates := experts.View(ctx, 0, experts.Dim(0), experts.Stride(2), experts.Dim(2))
@@ -111,7 +107,8 @@ type dense struct {
 }
 
 func (mlp *dense) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenStates ml.Tensor, _ *Options) ml.Tensor {
-	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).SILU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
+	hiddenStates = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates).
+		SILU(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates))
 	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates)
 }
 
@@ -154,29 +151,39 @@ type Model struct {
 	*Options
 }
 
-// Forward implements model.Model.
 func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	hiddenStates, err := m.forward(ctx, batch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates), nil
+}
+
+// Forward implements model.Model.
+func (m *Model) forward(ctx ml.Context, batch input.Batch) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	positions := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Positions, len(batch.Positions))
 
 	hiddenStates := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, batch.Inputs)
 
 	for i, layer := range m.Layers {
-		m.Cache.SetLayer(i)
+		if m.Cache != nil {
+			m.Cache.SetLayer(i)
+		}
 
 		var outputs ml.Tensor
 		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
-			outputs = ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batch.Outputs, len(batch.Outputs))
+			outputs = batch.Outputs
 		}
 
 		hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positions, outputs, m.Cache, m.Options)
 	}
 
-	hiddenStates = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps)
-	return m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates), nil
+	return m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps), nil
 }
 
 func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
+	return fast.RoPE(ctx, key, shift, m.headDim(), m.ropeBase, 1./m.ropeScale, rope.WithTypeNeoX()), nil
 }
 
 var _ model.Model = (*Model)(nil)
@@ -193,7 +200,6 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 
 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 			&model.Vocabulary{
 				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
 				Types:  c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
@@ -206,6 +212,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 					c.Ints("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_ids")...,
 				),
 			},
+			`(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`,
 		),
 		Layers: layers,
 		Options: &Options{
@@ -216,7 +223,7 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 			valueLength:    int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
 			eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
 			ropeBase:       c.Float("rope.freq_base"),
-			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1),
+			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.scaling.factor", 1),
 			numExperts:     int(c.Uint("expert_count")),
 			numExpertsUsed: int(c.Uint("expert_used_count")),
 			normTopKProb:   c.Bool("norm_top_k_prob", true),
@@ -230,4 +237,5 @@ func New(c fs.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 func init() {
 	model.Register("qwen3", New)
 	model.Register("qwen3moe", New)
+	model.Register("qwen3_embed", newEmbed)
 }

model/parsers/parsers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package parsers
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/harmony"
+)
+
+type Parser interface {
+	// Init initializes the parser with tools and optional last message for chat prefill
+	// Returns processed tools if the parser needs to modify them (e.g., harmony renames them)
+	Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool
+	// Add processes streamed content and returns parsed content, thinking, and tool calls
+	// The done flag indicates if this is the last chunk (used for draining accumulators)
+	Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error)
+	HasToolSupport() bool
+	HasThinkingSupport() bool
+}
+
+func ParserForName(name string) Parser {
+	switch name {
+	case "qwen3-coder":
+		parser := &Qwen3CoderParser{}
+		return parser
+	case "passthrough":
+		return &PassthroughParser{}
+	case "harmony":
+		return harmony.NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+type PassthroughParser struct{}
+
+func (p *PassthroughParser) Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool {
+	return tools // passthrough doesn't modify tools
+}
+
+func (p *PassthroughParser) Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error) {
+	return s, "", nil, nil
+}
+
+func (p *PassthroughParser) HasToolSupport() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (p *PassthroughParser) HasThinkingSupport() bool {
+	return false
+}

model/parsers/qwen3coder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+package parsers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/xml"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"math"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
+)
+
+type qwenParserState int
+
+const (
+	toolOpenTag  = "<tool_call>"
+	toolCloseTag = "</tool_call>"
+)
+
+const (
+	qwenParserState_LookingForToolStart qwenParserState = iota
+	qwenParserState_CollectingToolContent
+)
+
+type Qwen3CoderParser struct {
+	state qwenParserState
+	acc   strings.Builder
+	tools []api.Tool
+}
+
+func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) HasToolSupport() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) HasThinkingSupport() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) Init(tools []api.Tool, lastMessage *api.Message) []api.Tool {
+	p.tools = tools
+	return tools // Qwen doesn't modify tools
+}
+
+func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) Add(s string, done bool) (content string, thinking string, calls []api.ToolCall, err error) {
+	p.acc.WriteString(s)
+
+	events := p.parseEvents()
+
+	var toolCalls []api.ToolCall
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	for _, event := range events {
+		switch event := event.(type) {
+		case qwenEventRawToolCall:
+			toolCall, err := parseToolCall(event, p.tools)
+			if err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("qwen tool call parsing failed", "error", err)
+				return "", "", nil, err
+			}
+			toolCalls = append(toolCalls, toolCall)
+		case qwenEventContent:
+			// TODO(drifkin): if the same turn contains multiple interleaved content
+			// events, we naively append them together here. See the note below about
+			// `qwenEvent`s for more details
+			sb.WriteString(event.content)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sb.String(), "", toolCalls, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Qwen3CoderParser) parseEvents() []qwenEvent {
+	var all []qwenEvent
+
+	keepLooping := true
+	for keepLooping {
+		var events []qwenEvent
+		events, keepLooping = eat(p)
+		if len(events) > 0 {
+			all = append(all, events...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(all) > 0 {
+		slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "qwen events parsed", "events", all, "state", p.state, "acc", p.acc.String())
+	}
+
+	return all
+}
+
+// we use some internal event types in order to communicate between `Add` and
+// `eat`. We do this to support interleaving content and parallel tool calls in
+// the parser, even though qwen3-coder isn't supposed to do this. Our API
+// doesn't currently support models outputting multiple messages in a turn, so
+// we wouldn't be able to represent it yet, but there's no reason to prevent the
+// parser from supporting it, especially for future models if they end up using
+// a similar format.
+type qwenEvent interface {
+	isQwenEvent()
+}
+
+type qwenEventRawToolCall struct {
+	raw string
+}
+
+type qwenEventContent struct {
+	content string
+}
+
+func (qwenEventContent) isQwenEvent()     {}
+func (qwenEventRawToolCall) isQwenEvent() {}
+
+// eat consumes the parser's buffer, and returns a list of any unambiguous
+// events from the current parser state. If the parser transitions to another
+// state, it may have additional events to emit on the next call, which is what
+// the second return value indicates
+func eat(p *Qwen3CoderParser) ([]qwenEvent, bool) {
+	var events []qwenEvent
+
+	switch p.state {
+	case qwenParserState_LookingForToolStart:
+		if strings.Contains(p.acc.String(), toolOpenTag) {
+			// we found a full tool open tag, so we can emit the content before the
+			// tag, being sure to trim any trailing whitespace
+			split := strings.SplitN(p.acc.String(), toolOpenTag, 2)
+			before := split[0]
+			before = strings.TrimRightFunc(before, unicode.IsSpace)
+			if len(before) > 0 {
+				events = append(events, qwenEventContent{content: before})
+			}
+			after := split[1]
+			p.acc.Reset()
+			p.acc.WriteString(after)
+			p.state = qwenParserState_CollectingToolContent
+			return events, true
+		} else if overlap := overlap(p.acc.String(), toolOpenTag); overlap > 0 {
+			// we found a partial tool open tag, so we can emit the unambiguous part,
+			// which is the (trailing-whitespace trimmed) content before the partial
+			// tool open tag
+			beforePartialTag := p.acc.String()[:len(p.acc.String())-overlap]
+			trailingWhitespaceLen := trailingWhitespaceLen(beforePartialTag)
+			ambiguousStart := len(beforePartialTag) - trailingWhitespaceLen
+			unambiguous := p.acc.String()[:ambiguousStart]
+			ambiguous := p.acc.String()[ambiguousStart:]
+			p.acc.Reset()
+			p.acc.WriteString(ambiguous)
+			events = append(events, qwenEventContent{content: unambiguous})
+			return events, false
+		} else {
+			// we found content that is entirely not a tool call. We should withhold
+			// any trailing whitespace in case this is the end of the content
+			whitespaceLen := trailingWhitespaceLen(p.acc.String())
+			ambiguousStart := len(p.acc.String()) - whitespaceLen
+			unambiguous := p.acc.String()[:ambiguousStart]
+			ambiguous := p.acc.String()[ambiguousStart:]
+			p.acc.Reset()
+			p.acc.WriteString(ambiguous)
+			if len(unambiguous) > 0 {
+				events = append(events, qwenEventContent{content: unambiguous})
+			}
+			return events, false
+		}
+	case qwenParserState_CollectingToolContent:
+		if strings.Contains(p.acc.String(), toolCloseTag) {
+			split := strings.SplitN(p.acc.String(), toolCloseTag, 2)
+			before := split[0]
+			if len(before) == 0 {
+				slog.Warn("qwen tool call closing tag found but no content before it")
+			}
+			// remove any whitespace between the tool call and any content after it
+			after := strings.TrimLeftFunc(split[1], unicode.IsSpace)
+			p.acc.Reset()
+			p.acc.WriteString(after)
+			events = append(events, qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: before})
+			p.state = qwenParserState_LookingForToolStart
+			return events, true
+		} else {
+			// note that we don't need to check the overlap here because we only plan
+			// on parsing the tool call once we see the full closing tag. We don't
+			// stream back the unparsed tool content, so there's no need to be eager
+			// here
+			return events, false
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+}
+
+// TODO(drifkin): move this to a shared location
+// longest overlap between suffix of s and prefix of delim
+func overlap(s, delim string) int {
+	max := min(len(delim), len(s))
+	for i := max; i > 0; i-- {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(s, delim[:i]) {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func trailingWhitespaceLen(s string) int {
+	for i := len(s) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if !unicode.IsSpace(rune(s[i])) {
+			return len(s) - i - 1
+		}
+	}
+	return len(s)
+}
+
+type XMLFunctionCall struct {
+	XMLName    xml.Name       `xml:"function"`
+	Name       string         `xml:"name,attr"`
+	Parameters []XMLParameter `xml:"parameter"`
+}
+
+type XMLParameter struct {
+	Name  string `xml:"name,attr"`
+	Value string `xml:",chardata"`
+}
+
+// parseToolCall parses a raw tool call string into an api.ToolCall.
+// The raw string follows an xml-like format, here's an example:
+//
+// <function=get_current_temperature>
+// <parameter=location>
+// San Francisco
+// </parameter>
+// <parameter=unit>
+// celsius
+// </parameter>
+// </function>
+func parseToolCall(raw qwenEventRawToolCall, tools []api.Tool) (api.ToolCall, error) {
+	toolCall := api.ToolCall{}
+
+	xmlString := transformToXML(raw.raw)
+
+	var functionCall XMLFunctionCall
+	err := xml.Unmarshal([]byte(xmlString), &functionCall)
+	if err != nil {
+		return api.ToolCall{}, err
+	}
+
+	toolCall.Function = api.ToolCallFunction{
+		Name: functionCall.Name,
+	}
+
+	// Find the matching tool to get parameter types
+	var matchedTool *api.Tool
+	for i := range tools {
+		if tools[i].Function.Name == functionCall.Name {
+			matchedTool = &tools[i]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	toolCall.Function.Arguments = make(api.ToolCallFunctionArguments)
+	for _, parameter := range functionCall.Parameters {
+		// Look up the parameter type if we found the tool
+		var paramType api.PropertyType
+		if matchedTool != nil && matchedTool.Function.Parameters.Properties != nil {
+			if prop, ok := matchedTool.Function.Parameters.Properties[parameter.Name]; ok {
+				paramType = prop.Type
+			}
+		}
+
+		toolCall.Function.Arguments[parameter.Name] = parseValue(parameter.Value, paramType)
+	}
+
+	return toolCall, nil
+}
+
+// parseValue converts a raw string value to the appropriate type based on the parameter type specification.
+//
+// For union types (multiple types in PropertyType, which we support but doesn't
+// seem as though the reference parser does type coercion with those types in
+// mind) we use a type precedence approach:
+// 1. null - checked first regardless of declared types (matches reference implementation)
+// 2. boolean - only "true"/"false" are valid booleans
+// 3. integer - must parse as a whole number
+// 4. number - must parse as numeric (returns int if no decimal part)
+// 5. array - must parse as valid JSON array
+// 6. object - must parse as valid JSON object
+// 7. string - always succeeds (least specific type)
+//
+// This precedence ensures we return the most specific type that successfully parses,
+// following the principle of least surprise. For example, with PropertyType{"string", "number"},
+// "123" becomes 123 (number), while "hello" becomes "hello" (string).
+func parseValue(raw string, paramType api.PropertyType) any {
+	// first remove a single leading newlines, and a single trailing newline (if
+	// they exist). This follows the reference implementation
+	raw = strings.TrimPrefix(raw, "\n")
+	raw = strings.TrimSuffix(raw, "\n")
+
+	// Check for null first (case-insensitive) - this takes precedence over any type
+	if strings.ToLower(raw) == "null" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// If no type is specified, default to string
+	if len(paramType) == 0 {
+		return raw
+	}
+
+	// Check if any of the specified types match, using type precedence
+	// Order: boolean -> integer -> number -> array -> object -> string
+	typeSet := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, t := range paramType {
+		typeSet[t] = true
+	}
+
+	// Try boolean first (most restrictive)
+	if typeSet["boolean"] {
+		lower := strings.ToLower(raw)
+		switch lower {
+		case "true":
+			return true
+		case "false":
+			return false
+		}
+		// If not a valid boolean but boolean is the only type, return false (matching reference)
+		if len(paramType) == 1 {
+			return false
+		}
+		// Otherwise try other types
+	}
+
+	// Try integer
+	if typeSet["integer"] {
+		if i, err := strconv.ParseInt(raw, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			// Return as int if it fits in int32, otherwise int64
+			if i >= math.MinInt32 && i <= math.MaxInt32 {
+				return int(i)
+			}
+			return i
+		}
+		// If integer is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
+		if len(paramType) == 1 {
+			return raw
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try number (float)
+	if typeSet["number"] {
+		if f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(raw, 64); err == nil {
+			// If the number has no decimal part, return as int (matching reference)
+			if f == math.Trunc(f) {
+				i := int64(f)
+				if i >= math.MinInt32 && i <= math.MaxInt32 {
+					return int(i)
+				}
+				return i
+			}
+			return f
+		}
+		// If number is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
+		if len(paramType) == 1 {
+			return raw
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try array
+	if typeSet["array"] {
+		var arr []any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &arr); err == nil {
+			return arr
+		}
+		// If array is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
+		if len(paramType) == 1 {
+			return raw
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try object
+	if typeSet["object"] {
+		var obj map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &obj); err == nil {
+			return obj
+		}
+		// If object is the only type and parsing failed, fall back to string
+		if len(paramType) == 1 {
+			return raw
+		}
+	}
+
+	// String always succeeds (or if "string" is in the type set)
+	if typeSet["string"] {
+		return raw
+	}
+
+	// If we get here, none of the types matched and string wasn't an option
+	// We return string as a fallback. The reference implementation will attempt
+	// to parse the value as a python literal, but we purposefully don't support
+	// that
+	return raw
+}
+
+var (
+	qwenTagRegex    = regexp.MustCompile(`<(\w+)=([^>]+)>`)
+	qwenXMLTagRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`</?(?:function|parameter)(?:\s+name="[^"]*")?>`)
+)
+
+// transformToXML transforms a raw qwen tool call with xml-like tags into valid
+// xml so that it can be parsed by any xml parser
+func transformToXML(raw string) string {
+	// take the form `<tag=abc>` and transform it to `<tag name="abc">`, taking
+	// care to properly escape the string that becomes the attribute value
+	transformed := qwenTagRegex.ReplaceAllStringFunc(raw, func(match string) string {
+		groups := qwenTagRegex.FindStringSubmatch(match)
+		tag := groups[1]
+		var escapedValue strings.Builder
+		xml.EscapeText(&escapedValue, []byte(groups[2]))
+		return fmt.Sprintf(`<%s name="%s">`, tag, escapedValue.String())
+	})
+
+	// Walk the resulting string, escaping any character data that sits between the
+	// xml tags we just emitted
+	var out strings.Builder
+	lastIdx := 0
+	for _, loc := range qwenXMLTagRegex.FindAllStringIndex(transformed, -1) {
+		if loc[0] > lastIdx {
+			escapeTextNode(&out, transformed[lastIdx:loc[0]])
+		}
+		out.WriteString(transformed[loc[0]:loc[1]])
+		lastIdx = loc[1]
+	}
+	if lastIdx < len(transformed) {
+		escapeTextNode(&out, transformed[lastIdx:])
+	}
+
+	return out.String()
+}
+
+// escapeTextNode escapes XML character data without altering other characters
+// like newlines or tabs (which is why we don't use xml.EscapeText for this)
+func escapeTextNode(sb *strings.Builder, s string) {
+	for _, r := range s {
+		switch r {
+		case '&':
+			sb.WriteString("&amp;")
+		case '<':
+			sb.WriteString("&lt;")
+		case '>':
+			sb.WriteString("&gt;")
+		default:
+			sb.WriteRune(r)
+		}
+	}
+}

model/parsers/qwen3coder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+package parsers
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+)
+
+// tool creates a test tool with the given name and properties
+func tool(name string, props map[string]api.ToolProperty) api.Tool {
+	t := api.Tool{Type: "function", Function: api.ToolFunction{Name: name}}
+	t.Function.Parameters.Type = "object"
+	t.Function.Parameters.Properties = props
+	return t
+}
+
+func TestQwenParserStreaming(t *testing.T) {
+	type step struct {
+		input      string
+		wantEvents []qwenEvent
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc  string
+		steps []step
+		only  bool
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "simple message streamed word by word",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:      "hi",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{qwenEventContent{content: "hi"}},
+				},
+				{
+					input:      " there",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{qwenEventContent{content: " there"}},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "content before tool call",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:      "hi there<tool_call>",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{qwenEventContent{content: "hi there"}},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "multiple tool calls in one message",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input: "before1<tool_call>in tool call</tool_call>after1<tool_call>in tool call 2</tool_call>after2",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventContent{content: "before1"},
+						qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: "in tool call"},
+						qwenEventContent{content: "after1"},
+						qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: "in tool call 2"},
+						qwenEventContent{content: "after2"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "tool calls with split tags",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input: "before<tool",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventContent{content: "before"},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					input:      "_call>in tool call</tool",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{},
+				},
+				{
+					input: "_call>af",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: "in tool call"},
+						qwenEventContent{content: "af"},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					input: "ter",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventContent{content: "ter"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "trailing whitespace between content and tool call",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input: "abc\n<tool_call>def</tool_call>",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventContent{content: "abc"},
+						qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: "def"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "trailing whitespace between tool call and content",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input: "<tool_call>abc</tool_call>\ndef",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: "abc"},
+						qwenEventContent{content: "def"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "empty content before tool call",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input: "\n<tool_call>abc</tool_call>",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: "abc"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "partial tool open tag fakeout",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input: "abc\n<tool_call",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						// \n should not be emitted yet because `<tool_call` might be a tool
+						// open tag, in which case the whitespace should be trimmed
+						qwenEventContent{content: "abc"},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					input: " fakeout",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventContent{content: "\n<tool_call fakeout"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "token-by-token whitespace handling",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input: "a",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventContent{content: "a"},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					input:      "\n",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{},
+				},
+				{
+					input: "b",
+					wantEvents: []qwenEvent{
+						qwenEventContent{content: "\nb"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	anyOnlies := false
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if tc.only {
+			anyOnlies = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if anyOnlies && !tc.only {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			parser := Qwen3CoderParser{}
+
+			for i, step := range tc.steps {
+				parser.acc.WriteString(step.input)
+				gotEvents := parser.parseEvents()
+
+				if len(gotEvents) == 0 && len(step.wantEvents) == 0 {
+					// avoid deep equal on empty vs. nil slices
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotEvents, step.wantEvents) {
+					t.Errorf("step %d: input %q: got events %#v, want %#v", i, step.input, gotEvents, step.wantEvents)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQwenToolParser(t *testing.T) {
+	type step struct {
+		name         string
+		rawToolCall  string
+		tools        []api.Tool
+		wantToolCall api.ToolCall
+	}
+
+	steps := []step{
+		{
+			name:  "simple tool call",
+			tools: []api.Tool{},
+			rawToolCall: `<function=get_current_temperature>
+<parameter=location>
+San Francisco
+</parameter>
+<parameter=unit>
+celsius
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			wantToolCall: api.ToolCall{
+				Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+					Name: "get_current_temperature",
+					Arguments: map[string]any{
+						"location": "San Francisco",
+						"unit":     "celsius",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "names with spaces",
+			tools: []api.Tool{},
+			rawToolCall: `<function=get current temperature>
+<parameter=location with spaces>
+San Francisco
+</parameter>
+<parameter=unit with spaces>
+celsius
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			wantToolCall: api.ToolCall{
+				Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+					Name: "get current temperature",
+					Arguments: map[string]any{
+						"location with spaces": "San Francisco",
+						"unit with spaces":     "celsius",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// this mirrors the reference implementation's behavior, but unclear if it
+		// ever happens. If so, then we should probably remove them instead, this
+		// test is to just document the current behavior and test that we don't get
+		// xml errors
+		{
+			name:  "names with quotes",
+			tools: []api.Tool{},
+			rawToolCall: `<function="get current temperature">
+<parameter="location with spaces">
+San Francisco
+</parameter>
+<parameter="unit with spaces">
+"celsius"
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			wantToolCall: api.ToolCall{
+				Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+					Name: "\"get current temperature\"",
+					Arguments: map[string]any{
+						"\"location with spaces\"": "San Francisco",
+						"\"unit with spaces\"":     "\"celsius\"",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "tool call with typed parameters",
+			tools: []api.Tool{
+				tool("calculate", map[string]api.ToolProperty{
+					"x":       {Type: api.PropertyType{"number"}},
+					"y":       {Type: api.PropertyType{"integer"}},
+					"enabled": {Type: api.PropertyType{"boolean"}},
+					"items":   {Type: api.PropertyType{"array"}},
+				}),
+			},
+			rawToolCall: `<function=calculate>
+<parameter=x>
+3.14
+</parameter>
+<parameter=y>
+42
+</parameter>
+<parameter=enabled>
+true
+</parameter>
+<parameter=items>
+["a", "b", "c"]
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			wantToolCall: api.ToolCall{
+				Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+					Name: "calculate",
+					Arguments: map[string]any{
+						"x":       3.14,
+						"y":       42,
+						"enabled": true,
+						"items":   []any{"a", "b", "c"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// regression test for <https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues/12357>
+		{
+			name:  "ampersands in parameter values",
+			tools: []api.Tool{},
+			rawToolCall: `<function=exec>
+<parameter=command>
+ls && echo "done"
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			wantToolCall: api.ToolCall{
+				Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+					Name: "exec",
+					Arguments: map[string]any{
+						"command": "ls && echo \"done\"",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "angle brackets in parameter values",
+			tools: []api.Tool{},
+			rawToolCall: `<function=exec>
+<parameter=command>
+ls && echo "a > b and a < b"
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			wantToolCall: api.ToolCall{
+				Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+					Name: "exec",
+					Arguments: map[string]any{
+						"command": "ls && echo \"a > b and a < b\"",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, step := range steps {
+		gotToolCall, err := parseToolCall(qwenEventRawToolCall{raw: step.rawToolCall}, step.tools)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("step %d (%s): %v", i, step.name, err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotToolCall, step.wantToolCall) {
+			t.Errorf("step %d (%s): got tool call %#v, want %#v", i, step.name, gotToolCall, step.wantToolCall)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQwenToolCallValueParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc      string
+		raw       string
+		paramType api.PropertyType
+		want      any
+	}{
+		{
+			desc:      "default string value (no type specified)",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{},
+			raw:       "some-string",
+			want:      "some-string",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "trim a single leading and trailing newline",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{},
+			raw:       "\nsome-string\n",
+			want:      "some-string",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "trim at most one leading and trailing newline",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{},
+			raw:       "\n\nsome-string\n\n",
+			want:      "\nsome-string\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "newline really has to be the first character to be trimmed",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{},
+			raw:       " \nsome-string\n ",
+			want:      " \nsome-string\n ",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "numeric type",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "123",
+			want:      123,
+		},
+		// Integer parsing tests
+		{
+			desc:      "integer type",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "42",
+			want:      42,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "negative integer",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "-100",
+			want:      -100,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "zero integer",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "0",
+			want:      0,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "integer with leading zeros",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "007",
+			want:      7,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "large integer",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "2147483648", // Just beyond int32 max
+			want:      int64(2147483648),
+		},
+		// Float/number parsing tests
+		{
+			desc:      "float type",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "3.14",
+			want:      3.14,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "negative float",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "-273.15",
+			want:      -273.15,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "float without decimal part",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "100.0",
+			want:      100,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "scientific notation positive",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "1.23e5",
+			want:      123000, // Will be int since it has no decimal part
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "scientific notation negative",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "1.5e-3",
+			want:      0.0015,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "very small float",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "0.00000001",
+			want:      0.00000001,
+		},
+		// String parsing tests
+		{
+			desc:      "explicit string type",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       "hello world",
+			want:      "hello world",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "string with special characters",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       "/usr/local/bin/test-file_v2.0.sh",
+			want:      "/usr/local/bin/test-file_v2.0.sh",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "string with quotes",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       `He said "hello" to me`,
+			want:      `He said "hello" to me`,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "multiline string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       "line one\nline two\nline three",
+			want:      "line one\nline two\nline three",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "empty string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       "",
+			want:      "",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "string that looks like a number",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       "12345",
+			want:      "12345",
+		},
+		// Boolean parsing tests
+		{
+			desc:      "boolean true",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"boolean"},
+			raw:       "true",
+			want:      true,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "boolean false",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"boolean"},
+			raw:       "false",
+			want:      false,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "boolean case insensitive true",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"boolean"},
+			raw:       "True",
+			want:      true,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "boolean case insensitive false",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"boolean"},
+			raw:       "FALSE",
+			want:      false,
+		},
+		// Null parsing tests
+		{
+			desc:      "null value lowercase",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       "null",
+			want:      nil,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "null value case insensitive",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "NULL",
+			want:      nil,
+		},
+		// Array parsing tests
+		{
+			desc:      "array of strings",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"array"},
+			raw:       `["foo", "bar", "baz"]`,
+			want:      []any{"foo", "bar", "baz"},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "array of numbers",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"array"},
+			raw:       `[1, 2.5, 3]`,
+			want:      []any{float64(1), 2.5, float64(3)},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "array of mixed types",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"array"},
+			raw:       `["string", 123, true, null]`,
+			want:      []any{"string", float64(123), true, nil},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "empty array",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"array"},
+			raw:       `[]`,
+			want:      []any{},
+		},
+		// Object parsing tests
+		{
+			desc:      "simple object",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"object"},
+			raw:       `{"key": "value", "number": 42}`,
+			want:      map[string]any{"key": "value", "number": float64(42)},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "nested object",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"object"},
+			raw:       `{"outer": {"inner": "value"}}`,
+			want:      map[string]any{"outer": map[string]any{"inner": "value"}},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "empty object",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"object"},
+			raw:       `{}`,
+			want:      map[string]any{},
+		},
+		// Error cases and fallback behavior
+		{
+			desc:      "invalid integer falls back to string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "not-a-number",
+			want:      "not-a-number",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "invalid float falls back to string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "3.14.159",
+			want:      "3.14.159",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "invalid boolean falls back to false",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"boolean"},
+			raw:       "yes",
+			want:      false,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "invalid JSON array falls back to string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"array"},
+			raw:       "[1, 2, unclosed",
+			want:      "[1, 2, unclosed",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "invalid JSON object falls back to string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"object"},
+			raw:       `{"key": unclosed`,
+			want:      `{"key": unclosed`,
+		},
+		// Edge cases
+		{
+			desc:      "integer overflow should use int64",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer"},
+			raw:       "2147483648", // Beyond int32 max
+			want:      int64(2147483648),
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "float with many decimal places",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number"},
+			raw:       "3.141592653589793",
+			want:      3.141592653589793,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "string with JSON-like content",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       `{"this": "is", "just": "a string"}`,
+			want:      `{"this": "is", "just": "a string"}`,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "whitespace-only string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string"},
+			raw:       "   ",
+			want:      "   ",
+		},
+		// Unknown parameter (no type specified in tools)
+		{
+			desc:      "parameter not in tool definition defaults to string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{},
+			raw:       "some value",
+			want:      "some value",
+		},
+		// Union type tests
+		{
+			desc:      "string or number union - valid number",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "number"},
+			raw:       "42.5",
+			want:      42.5,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "string or number union - non-numeric string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "number"},
+			raw:       "hello",
+			want:      "hello",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "number or string union - valid number (order shouldn't matter)",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number", "string"},
+			raw:       "42.5",
+			want:      42.5,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "integer or null union - valid integer",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer", "null"},
+			raw:       "123",
+			want:      123,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "integer or null union - null value",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer", "null"},
+			raw:       "null",
+			want:      nil,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "null or integer union - null value (order shouldn't matter)",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"null", "integer"},
+			raw:       "null",
+			want:      nil,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "boolean or string union - valid boolean",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"boolean", "string"},
+			raw:       "true",
+			want:      true,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "boolean or string union - non-boolean becomes string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"boolean", "string"},
+			raw:       "yes",
+			want:      "yes",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "string or boolean union - valid boolean (precedence test)",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "boolean"},
+			raw:       "false",
+			want:      false, // Should be boolean, not string "false"
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "integer or number union - integer value",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer", "number"},
+			raw:       "42",
+			want:      42,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "integer or number union - float value",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer", "number"},
+			raw:       "42.5",
+			want:      42.5,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "number or integer union - integer value (precedence test)",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"number", "integer"},
+			raw:       "42",
+			want:      42, // Should try integer first due to precedence
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "array or object union - valid array",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"array", "object"},
+			raw:       `[1, 2, 3]`,
+			want:      []any{float64(1), float64(2), float64(3)},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "array or object union - valid object",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"array", "object"},
+			raw:       `{"key": "value"}`,
+			want:      map[string]any{"key": "value"},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "object or array union - valid array (precedence test)",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"object", "array"},
+			raw:       `[1, 2, 3]`,
+			want:      []any{float64(1), float64(2), float64(3)},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "complex multi-type union - null",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "number", "boolean", "null"},
+			raw:       "null",
+			want:      nil,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "complex multi-type union - boolean",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "number", "boolean", "null"},
+			raw:       "true",
+			want:      true,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "complex multi-type union - number",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "number", "boolean", "null"},
+			raw:       "3.14",
+			want:      3.14,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "complex multi-type union - string",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "number", "boolean", "null"},
+			raw:       "hello",
+			want:      "hello",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "integer string union - integer string becomes integer",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"integer", "string"},
+			raw:       "123",
+			want:      123,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "string integer union - integer string becomes integer (precedence)",
+			paramType: api.PropertyType{"string", "integer"},
+			raw:       "123",
+			want:      123, // Integer has higher precedence than string
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := parseValue(tc.raw, tc.paramType)
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.want) {
+				t.Errorf("got %v (type %T), want %v (type %T)", got, got, tc.want, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQwenXMLTransform(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc string
+		raw  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "simple example",
+			raw: `<function=get_current_temperature>
+<parameter=location>
+San Francisco
+</parameter>
+<parameter=unit>
+celsius
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			want: `<function name="get_current_temperature">
+<parameter name="location">
+San Francisco
+</parameter>
+<parameter name="unit">
+celsius
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+		},
+		// even though quotes aren't expected in these tags, we have these tests to
+		// make sure they're escaped so they don't blow up the xml parser in case
+		// they happen
+		{
+			desc: "names with quotes",
+			raw: `<function="get current temperature">
+<parameter="location with spaces">
+San Francisco
+</parameter>
+<parameter="unit with spaces">
+celsius
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+			want: `<function name="&#34;get current temperature&#34;">
+<parameter name="&#34;location with spaces&#34;">
+San Francisco
+</parameter>
+<parameter name="&#34;unit with spaces&#34;">
+celsius
+</parameter>
+</function>`,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "ampersands in parameter values",
+			raw: `<function=get_current_temperature>
+		<parameter=location>
+		San Francisco & San Jose
+		</parameter>
+		</function>`,
+			want: `<function name="get_current_temperature">
+		<parameter name="location">
+		San Francisco &amp; San Jose
+		</parameter>
+		</function>`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		got := transformToXML(tc.raw)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTrailingWhitespaceLen(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc string
+		s    string
+		want int
+	}{
+		{desc: "no whitespace", s: "abc", want: 0},
+		{desc: "trailing whitespace", s: "abc ", want: 1},
+		{desc: "trailing whitespace with newlines", s: "abc \n", want: 2},
+		{desc: "only whitespace", s: " \n  ", want: 4},
+		{desc: "leading whitespace doesn't count", s: " \n abc", want: 0},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		got := trailingWhitespaceLen(tc.s)
+		if got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("got %d, want %d", got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

model/renderers/qwen3coder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+package renderers
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+)
+
+var (
+	imStartTag = "<|im_start|>"
+	imEndTag   = "<|im_end|>"
+)
+
+// renderAdditionalKeys renders all JSON fields except the ones in handledKeys
+// This follows the same approach from the reference implementation, which gives
+// a particular key ordering
+func renderAdditionalKeys(obj any, handledKeys map[string]bool) string {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	var m map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &m); err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	for key, value := range m {
+		if handledKeys[key] {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Check if value is a map or array (needs JSON serialization)
+		switch v := value.(type) {
+		case map[string]any, []any:
+			jsonBytes, _ := json.Marshal(v)
+			// TODO(drifkin): it would be nice to format the JSON here similarly to
+			// python's default json.dumps behavior (spaces after commas and colons).
+			// This would let us be byte-for-byte compatible with the reference
+			// implementation for most common inputs
+			jsonStr := string(jsonBytes)
+			sb.WriteString("\n<" + key + ">" + jsonStr + "</" + key + ">")
+		case nil:
+			continue
+		default:
+			// Simple types, convert to string
+			sb.WriteString("\n<" + key + ">" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", value) + "</" + key + ">")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+func Qwen3CoderRenderer(messages []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, _ *api.ThinkValue) (string, error) {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+
+	// filter out system messages and choose the first (if any) to win
+	var systemMessage string
+	var filteredMessages []api.Message
+	for _, message := range messages {
+		if message.Role != "system" {
+			filteredMessages = append(filteredMessages, message)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if systemMessage == "" {
+			systemMessage = message.Content
+		}
+	}
+
+	if systemMessage != "" || len(tools) > 0 {
+		sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "system\n")
+
+		// if we have tools but no system message, match the reference implementation by providing a default system message
+		if systemMessage == "" {
+			systemMessage = "You are Qwen, a helpful AI assistant that can interact with a computer to solve tasks."
+		}
+
+		sb.WriteString(systemMessage)
+
+		if len(tools) > 0 {
+			sb.WriteString("\n\n# Tools\n\nYou have access to the following functions:\n\n")
+			sb.WriteString("<tools>")
+			for _, tool := range tools {
+				sb.WriteString("\n")
+				sb.WriteString("<function>\n")
+				sb.WriteString("<name>" + tool.Function.Name + "</name>")
+				if tool.Function.Description != "" {
+					sb.WriteString("\n<description>" + tool.Function.Description + "</description>")
+				}
+				sb.WriteString("\n<parameters>")
+
+				for name, prop := range tool.Function.Parameters.Properties {
+					sb.WriteString("\n<parameter>")
+					sb.WriteString("\n<name>" + name + "</name>")
+
+					if len(prop.Type) > 0 {
+						// TODO(!!!)(drifkin): we should match the reference implementation for
+						// more complex types here instead of using this format
+						sb.WriteString("\n<type>" + prop.ToTypeScriptType() + "</type>")
+					}
+
+					if prop.Description != "" {
+						sb.WriteString("\n<description>" + prop.Description + "</description>")
+					}
+
+					// Render any additional keys not already handled
+					handledKeys := map[string]bool{
+						"type":        true,
+						"description": true,
+					}
+					sb.WriteString(renderAdditionalKeys(prop, handledKeys))
+
+					sb.WriteString("\n</parameter>")
+				}
+
+				// Render extra keys for parameters (everything except 'type' and 'properties')
+				paramHandledKeys := map[string]bool{
+					"type":       true,
+					"properties": true,
+				}
+				sb.WriteString(renderAdditionalKeys(tool.Function.Parameters, paramHandledKeys))
+
+				sb.WriteString("\n</parameters>")
+				sb.WriteString("\n</function>")
+			}
+			sb.WriteString("\n</tools>")
+			sb.WriteString("\n\nIf you choose to call a function ONLY reply in the following format with NO suffix:\n\n<tool_call>\n<function=example_function_name>\n<parameter=example_parameter_1>\nvalue_1\n</parameter>\n<parameter=example_parameter_2>\nThis is the value for the second parameter\nthat can span\nmultiple lines\n</parameter>\n</function>\n</tool_call>\n\n<IMPORTANT>\nReminder:\n- Function calls MUST follow the specified format: an inner <function=...></function> block must be nested within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags\n- Required parameters MUST be specified\n- You may provide optional reasoning for your function call in natural language BEFORE the function call, but NOT after\n- If there is no function call available, answer the question like normal with your current knowledge and do not tell the user about function calls\n</IMPORTANT>")
+		}
+
+		sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
+	}
+
+	for i, message := range filteredMessages {
+		lastMessage := i == len(filteredMessages)-1
+		prefill := lastMessage && message.Role == "assistant"
+		switch message.Role {
+		case "assistant":
+			if len(message.ToolCalls) > 0 {
+				sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "assistant\n")
+				if message.Content != "" {
+					sb.WriteString(message.Content + "\n")
+				}
+				for _, toolCall := range message.ToolCalls {
+					sb.WriteString("\n<tool_call>\n<function=" + toolCall.Function.Name + ">")
+					for name, value := range toolCall.Function.Arguments {
+						valueStr := formatToolCallArgument(value)
+						sb.WriteString("\n<parameter=" + name + ">\n" + valueStr + "\n</parameter>")
+					}
+					sb.WriteString("\n</function>\n</tool_call>")
+				}
+				sb.WriteString("<|im_end|>\n")
+			} else {
+				sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "assistant\n")
+				sb.WriteString(message.Content)
+				if !prefill {
+					sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
+				}
+			}
+		case "tool":
+			// consecutive tool responses should share a single `<im_start>user`, but
+			// have their own <tool_response> tags
+
+			// only start a new user block if this is the first tool response
+			if i == 0 || filteredMessages[i-1].Role != "tool" {
+				sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "user\n")
+			}
+
+			sb.WriteString("<tool_response>\n")
+			sb.WriteString(message.Content)
+			sb.WriteString("\n</tool_response>\n")
+
+			// close the user block only if this is the last tool response
+			if i == len(filteredMessages)-1 || filteredMessages[i+1].Role != "tool" {
+				sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
+			}
+		default:
+			sb.WriteString(imStartTag + message.Role + "\n")
+			sb.WriteString(message.Content)
+			sb.WriteString(imEndTag + "\n")
+		}
+
+		if lastMessage && !prefill {
+			sb.WriteString(imStartTag + "assistant\n")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sb.String(), nil
+}
+
+func formatToolCallArgument(value any) string {
+	if value == nil {
+		return "null"
+	}
+
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return v
+	case []byte:
+		return string(v)
+	}
+
+	if reflect.TypeOf(value) != nil {
+		kind := reflect.TypeOf(value).Kind()
+		if kind == reflect.Map || kind == reflect.Slice || kind == reflect.Array {
+			if marshalled, err := json.Marshal(value); err == nil {
+				return string(marshalled)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", value)
+}

model/renderers/qwen3coder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+package renderers
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+)
+
+func TestQwen3CoderRenderer(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		msgs     []api.Message
+		tools    []api.Tool
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "basic",
+			msgs: []api.Message{
+				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant."},
+				{Role: "user", Content: "Hello, how are you?"},
+			},
+			expected: `<|im_start|>system
+You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+Hello, how are you?<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with tools and response",
+			msgs: []api.Message{
+				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant with access to tools."},
+				{Role: "user", Content: "What is the weather like in San Francisco?"},
+				{
+					Role:    "assistant",
+					Content: "I'll check the weather in San Francisco for you.",
+					ToolCalls: []api.ToolCall{
+						{
+							Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+								Name: "get_weather",
+								Arguments: map[string]any{
+									"unit": "fahrenheit",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"location\": \"San Francisco, CA\", \"temperature\": 68, \"condition\": \"partly cloudy\", \"humidity\": 65, \"wind_speed\": 12}", ToolName: "get_weather"},
+				{Role: "user", Content: "That sounds nice! What about New York?"},
+			},
+			tools: []api.Tool{
+				{Function: api.ToolFunction{
+					Name:        "get_weather",
+					Description: "Get the current weather in a given location",
+					Parameters: api.ToolFunctionParameters{
+						Required: []string{"unit"},
+						Properties: map[string]api.ToolProperty{
+							"unit": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Enum: []any{"celsius", "fahrenheit"}, Description: "The unit of temperature"},
+							// TODO(drifkin): add multiple params back once we have predictable
+							// order via some sort of ordered map type (see
+							// <https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues/12244>)
+							/*
+								"location": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Description: "The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA"},
+							*/
+						},
+					},
+				}},
+			},
+			expected: `<|im_start|>system
+You are a helpful assistant with access to tools.
+
+# Tools
+
+You have access to the following functions:
+
+<tools>
+<function>
+<name>get_weather</name>
+<description>Get the current weather in a given location</description>
+<parameters>
+<parameter>
+<name>unit</name>
+<type>string</type>
+<description>The unit of temperature</description>
+<enum>["celsius","fahrenheit"]</enum>
+</parameter>
+<required>["unit"]</required>
+</parameters>
+</function>
+</tools>
+
+If you choose to call a function ONLY reply in the following format with NO suffix:
+
+<tool_call>
+<function=example_function_name>
+<parameter=example_parameter_1>
+value_1
+</parameter>
+<parameter=example_parameter_2>
+This is the value for the second parameter
+that can span
+multiple lines
+</parameter>
+</function>
+</tool_call>
+
+<IMPORTANT>
+Reminder:
+- Function calls MUST follow the specified format: an inner <function=...></function> block must be nested within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags
+- Required parameters MUST be specified
+- You may provide optional reasoning for your function call in natural language BEFORE the function call, but NOT after
+- If there is no function call available, answer the question like normal with your current knowledge and do not tell the user about function calls
+</IMPORTANT><|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+What is the weather like in San Francisco?<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+I'll check the weather in San Francisco for you.
+
+<tool_call>
+<function=get_weather>
+<parameter=unit>
+fahrenheit
+</parameter>
+</function>
+</tool_call><|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+<tool_response>
+{"location": "San Francisco, CA", "temperature": 68, "condition": "partly cloudy", "humidity": 65, "wind_speed": 12}
+</tool_response>
+<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+That sounds nice! What about New York?<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "parallel tool calls",
+			msgs: []api.Message{
+				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant with access to tools."},
+				{Role: "user", Content: "call double(1) and triple(2)"},
+				{Role: "assistant", Content: "I'll call double(1) and triple(2) for you.", ToolCalls: []api.ToolCall{
+					{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{Name: "double", Arguments: map[string]any{"number": "1"}}},
+					{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{Name: "triple", Arguments: map[string]any{"number": "2"}}},
+				}},
+				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"number\": 2}", ToolName: "double"},
+				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"number\": 6}", ToolName: "triple"},
+			},
+			tools: []api.Tool{
+				{Function: api.ToolFunction{Name: "double", Description: "Double a number", Parameters: api.ToolFunctionParameters{Properties: map[string]api.ToolProperty{
+					"number": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Description: "The number to double"},
+				}}}},
+				{Function: api.ToolFunction{Name: "triple", Description: "Triple a number", Parameters: api.ToolFunctionParameters{Properties: map[string]api.ToolProperty{
+					"number": {Type: api.PropertyType{"string"}, Description: "The number to triple"},
+				}}}},
+			},
+			expected: `<|im_start|>system
+You are a helpful assistant with access to tools.
+
+# Tools
+
+You have access to the following functions:
+
+<tools>
+<function>
+<name>double</name>
+<description>Double a number</description>
+<parameters>
+<parameter>
+<name>number</name>
+<type>string</type>
+<description>The number to double</description>
+</parameter>
+</parameters>
+</function>
+<function>
+<name>triple</name>
+<description>Triple a number</description>
+<parameters>
+<parameter>
+<name>number</name>
+<type>string</type>
+<description>The number to triple</description>
+</parameter>
+</parameters>
+</function>
+</tools>
+
+If you choose to call a function ONLY reply in the following format with NO suffix:
+
+<tool_call>
+<function=example_function_name>
+<parameter=example_parameter_1>
+value_1
+</parameter>
+<parameter=example_parameter_2>
+This is the value for the second parameter
+that can span
+multiple lines
+</parameter>
+</function>
+</tool_call>
+
+<IMPORTANT>
+Reminder:
+- Function calls MUST follow the specified format: an inner <function=...></function> block must be nested within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags
+- Required parameters MUST be specified
+- You may provide optional reasoning for your function call in natural language BEFORE the function call, but NOT after
+- If there is no function call available, answer the question like normal with your current knowledge and do not tell the user about function calls
+</IMPORTANT><|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+call double(1) and triple(2)<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+I'll call double(1) and triple(2) for you.
+
+<tool_call>
+<function=double>
+<parameter=number>
+1
+</parameter>
+</function>
+</tool_call>
+<tool_call>
+<function=triple>
+<parameter=number>
+2
+</parameter>
+</function>
+</tool_call><|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+<tool_response>
+{"number": 2}
+</tool_response>
+<tool_response>
+{"number": 6}
+</tool_response>
+<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "prefill",
+			msgs: []api.Message{
+				{Role: "system", Content: "You are a helpful assistant."},
+				{Role: "user", Content: "Tell me something interesting."},
+				{Role: "assistant", Content: "I'll tell you something interesting about cats"},
+			},
+			expected: `<|im_start|>system
+You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+Tell me something interesting.<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+I'll tell you something interesting about cats`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "complex tool call arguments should remain json encoded",
+			msgs: []api.Message{
+				{Role: "user", Content: "call tool"},
+				{Role: "assistant", ToolCalls: []api.ToolCall{
+					{Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
+						Name: "echo",
+						Arguments: map[string]any{
+							"payload": map[string]any{"foo": "bar"},
+						},
+					}},
+				}},
+				{Role: "tool", Content: "{\"payload\": {\"foo\": \"bar\"}}", ToolName: "echo"},
+			},
+			expected: `<|im_start|>user
+call tool<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+
+<tool_call>
+<function=echo>
+<parameter=payload>
+{"foo":"bar"}
+</parameter>
+</function>
+</tool_call><|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>user
+<tool_response>
+{"payload": {"foo": "bar"}}
+</tool_response>
+<|im_end|>
+<|im_start|>assistant
+`,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rendered, err := Qwen3CoderRenderer(tt.msgs, tt.tools, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(rendered, tt.expected); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("mismatch (-got +want):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFormatToolCallArgument(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		arg      any
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "string",
+			arg:  "foo",
+			// notice no quotes around the string
+			expected: "foo",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "map",
+			arg:      map[string]any{"foo": "bar"},
+			expected: "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "number",
+			arg:      1,
+			expected: "1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "boolean",
+			arg:      true,
+			expected: "true",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := formatToolCallArgument(tt.arg)
+			if got != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("formatToolCallArgument(%v) = %v, want %v", tt.arg, got, tt.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

model/renderers/renderer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package renderers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+)
+
+type rendererFunc func([]api.Message, []api.Tool, *api.ThinkValue) (string, error)
+
+func RenderWithRenderer(name string, msgs []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, think *api.ThinkValue) (string, error) {
+	renderer := rendererForName(name)
+	if renderer == nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("unknown renderer %q", name)
+	}
+	return renderer(msgs, tools, think)
+}
+
+func rendererForName(name string) rendererFunc {
+	switch name {
+	case "qwen3-coder":
+		return Qwen3CoderRenderer
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}

model/sentencepiece.go

@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@ import (
 
 const spmWhitespaceSep = "▁"
 
-type SentencePieceModel struct {
+type SentencePiece struct {
 	maxTokenLen int
 	vocab       *Vocabulary
 }
 
-var _ TextProcessor = (*SentencePieceModel)(nil)
+var _ TextProcessor = (*SentencePiece)(nil)
 
-func (spm SentencePieceModel) Vocabulary() *Vocabulary {
+func (spm SentencePiece) Vocabulary() *Vocabulary {
 	return spm.vocab
 }
 
-func NewSentencePieceModel(vocab *Vocabulary) SentencePieceModel {
+func NewSentencePiece(vocab *Vocabulary) SentencePiece {
 	logutil.Trace("Tokens", "num tokens", len(vocab.Values), "vals", vocab.Values[:5], "scores", vocab.Scores[:5], "types", vocab.Types[:5])
 
 	counter := map[int]int{}
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ func NewSentencePieceModel(vocab *Vocabulary) SentencePieceModel {
 		"user defined", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_USER_DEFINED], "unused", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_UNUSED], "byte", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_BYTE],
 		"max token len", maxTokenLen)
 
-	return SentencePieceModel{
+	return SentencePiece{
 		maxTokenLen: maxTokenLen,
 		vocab:       vocab,
 	}
 }
 
-func (spm SentencePieceModel) Is(id int32, special Special) bool {
+func (spm SentencePiece) Is(id int32, special Special) bool {
 	return spm.vocab.Is(id, special)
 }
 
-func (spm SentencePieceModel) Encode(s string, addSpecial bool) ([]int32, error) {
+func (spm SentencePiece) Encode(s string, addSpecial bool) ([]int32, error) {
 	fragments := []fragment{{value: s}}
 	for _, special := range spm.vocab.SpecialVocabulary() {
 		id := spm.vocab.Encode(special)
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ func (q *queue) Pop() interface{} {
 	return item
 }
 
-func (spm SentencePieceModel) Decode(ids []int32) (string, error) {
+func (spm SentencePiece) Decode(ids []int32) (string, error) {
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	for _, id := range ids {
 		data := spm.vocab.Decode(id)

model/sentencepiece_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/convert/sentencepiece"
 )
 
-func loadSentencePieceVocab(t *testing.T) SentencePieceModel {
+func loadSentencePieceVocab(t *testing.T) SentencePiece {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	bts, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("testdata", "gemma2", "tokenizer.model"))
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func loadSentencePieceVocab(t *testing.T) SentencePieceModel {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return NewSentencePieceModel(&v)
+	return NewSentencePiece(&v)
 }
 
 func TestSentencePieceEncode(t *testing.T) {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func TestSentencePieceEncode(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-func TestSentencePieceModelDecodeByteTokens(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSentencePieceDecodeByteTokens(t *testing.T) {
 	vocab := &Vocabulary{
 		Values: []string{
 			"normal",
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func TestSentencePieceModelDecodeByteTokens(t *testing.T) {
 		Scores: []float32{0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
 	}
 
-	spm := NewSentencePieceModel(vocab)
+	spm := NewSentencePiece(vocab)
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string

model/wordpiece.go

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package model
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"iter"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
+)
+
+type WordPiece struct {
+	vocab *Vocabulary
+}
+
+// ggmlPrefix is the prefix used by GGML vocabularies to indicate word boundaries.
+// this differs from original word piece which uses "##" to indicate subwords.
+const ggmlPrefix = "▁"
+
+var wordPieceReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(
+	" .", ".",
+	" ?", "?",
+	" !", "!",
+	" ,", ",",
+	" ' ", "'",
+	" n't", "n't",
+	" 'm", "'m",
+	" do not", " don't",
+	" 's", "'s",
+	" 've", "'ve",
+	" 're", "'re",
+)
+
+// Decode implements TextProcessor.
+func (wpm WordPiece) Decode(ids []int32) (string, error) {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	for i, id := range ids {
+		if id < 0 || int(id) >= len(wpm.vocab.Values) {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid token id: %d", id)
+		}
+
+		var separator string
+		piece := wpm.vocab.Values[id]
+		if i > 0 &&
+			(strings.HasPrefix(piece, ggmlPrefix) ||
+				(strings.HasPrefix(piece, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(piece, "]"))) {
+			separator = " "
+		}
+
+		sb.WriteString(wordPieceReplacer.Replace(separator + strings.TrimPrefix(piece, ggmlPrefix)))
+	}
+
+	return sb.String(), nil
+}
+
+// words splits a string into words, treating CJK characters as separate words.
+// TODO: this is specifically for BERT and may need to be adjusted or refactored for other models.
+func (wpm WordPiece) words(s string) iter.Seq[string] {
+	return func(yield func(string) bool) {
+		runes := make([]rune, 0, len(s)*3)
+		for _, r := range s {
+			switch {
+			case r >= 0x4E00 && r <= 0x9FFF,
+				r >= 0x3400 && r <= 0x4DBF,
+				r >= 0x20000 && r <= 0x2A6DF,
+				r >= 0x2A700 && r <= 0x2B73F,
+				r >= 0x2B740 && r <= 0x2B81F,
+				r >= 0x2B820 && r <= 0x2CEAF,
+				r >= 0xF900 && r <= 0xFAFF,
+				r >= 0x2F800 && r <= 0x2FA1F:
+				runes = append(runes, ' ', r, ' ')
+			default:
+				runes = append(runes, r)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for w := range strings.FieldsFuncSeq(string(runes), unicode.IsSpace) {
+			// split on but keep punctuation
+			var start int
+			for start < len(w) {
+				end := strings.IndexFunc(w[start:], unicode.IsPunct)
+				if end < 0 {
+					end = len(w) - start
+				} else if end == 0 {
+					end = 1
+				}
+
+				if !yield(w[start : start+end]) {
+					return
+				}
+
+				start += end
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Encode implements TextProcessor.
+func (wpm WordPiece) Encode(s string, addSpecial bool) ([]int32, error) {
+	var ids []int32
+
+	// TODO: use [UNK] from config
+	unk := wpm.vocab.Encode("[UNK]")
+	for word := range wpm.words(s) {
+		var start int
+		var pieces []int32
+		for start < len(word) {
+			end := len(word)
+
+			var piece int32
+			for start < end {
+				subword := word[start:end]
+				if start == 0 {
+					subword = ggmlPrefix + subword
+				}
+
+				// TODO: some models might not want [ToLower]
+				piece = wpm.vocab.Encode(strings.ToLower(subword))
+				if piece >= 0 {
+					break
+				}
+
+				end--
+			}
+
+			if piece < 0 {
+				// Unknown token
+				pieces = pieces[:0]
+				break
+			}
+
+			pieces = append(pieces, piece)
+			start = end
+		}
+
+		if len(pieces) > 0 {
+			ids = append(ids, pieces...)
+		} else {
+			ids = append(ids, unk)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if addSpecial && len(ids) > 0 {
+		ids = wpm.vocab.addSpecials(ids)
+	}
+
+	logutil.Trace("encoded", "string", s, "ids", ids)
+	return ids, nil
+}
+
+// Is implements TextProcessor.
+func (wpm WordPiece) Is(id int32, special Special) bool {
+	return wpm.vocab.Is(id, special)
+}
+
+// Vocabulary implements TextProcessor.
+func (wpm WordPiece) Vocabulary() *Vocabulary {
+	return wpm.vocab
+}
+
+var _ TextProcessor = (*WordPiece)(nil)
+
+func NewWordPiece(vocab *Vocabulary) WordPiece {
+	return WordPiece{
+		vocab: vocab,
+	}
+}

model/wordpiece_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package model
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+)
+
+func TestWordPiece(t *testing.T) {
+	wpm := NewWordPiece(
+		&Vocabulary{
+			Values: []string{"[UNK]", "[CLS]", "[SEP]", "▁hello", "▁world", "s", "▁!", "▁@", "▁#"},
+			AddBOS: true,
+			AddEOS: true,
+			BOS:    []int32{1},
+			EOS:    []int32{2},
+		})
+
+	ids, err := wpm.Encode("Hello world!", true)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if diff := cmp.Diff([]int32{1, 3, 4, 6, 2}, ids); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected ids (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+	words, err := wpm.Decode(ids)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if diff := cmp.Diff("[CLS] hello world! [SEP]", words); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected words (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWordPieceWords(t *testing.T) {
+	var wpm WordPiece
+
+	basic := slices.Collect(wpm.words("Hey friend!     How are you?!?"))
+	if diff := cmp.Diff([]string{"Hey", "friend", "!", "How", "are", "you", "?", "!", "?"}, basic); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected words (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+
+	chinese := slices.Collect(wpm.words("野口里佳 Noguchi Rika"))
+	if diff := cmp.Diff([]string{"野", "口", "里", "佳", "Noguchi", "Rika"}, chinese); diff != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected words (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+}

openai/openai.go

@@ -76,8 +76,9 @@ type JsonSchema struct {
 }
 
 type EmbedRequest struct {
-	Input any    `json:"input"`
-	Model string `json:"model"`
+	Input      any    `json:"input"`
+	Model      string `json:"model"`
+	Dimensions int    `json:"dimensions,omitempty"`
 }
 
 type StreamOptions struct {
@@ -104,16 +105,18 @@ type ChatCompletionRequest struct {
 	Tools            []api.Tool      `json:"tools"`
 	Reasoning        *Reasoning      `json:"reasoning,omitempty"`
 	ReasoningEffort  *string         `json:"reasoning_effort,omitempty"`
+	DebugRenderOnly  bool            `json:"_debug_render_only"`
 }
 
 type ChatCompletion struct {
-	Id                string   `json:"id"`
-	Object            string   `json:"object"`
-	Created           int64    `json:"created"`
-	Model             string   `json:"model"`
-	SystemFingerprint string   `json:"system_fingerprint"`
-	Choices           []Choice `json:"choices"`
-	Usage             Usage    `json:"usage,omitempty"`
+	Id                string         `json:"id"`
+	Object            string         `json:"object"`
+	Created           int64          `json:"created"`
+	Model             string         `json:"model"`
+	SystemFingerprint string         `json:"system_fingerprint"`
+	Choices           []Choice       `json:"choices"`
+	Usage             Usage          `json:"usage,omitempty"`
+	DebugInfo         *api.DebugInfo `json:"_debug_info,omitempty"`
 }
 
 type ChatCompletionChunk struct {
@@ -140,6 +143,7 @@ type CompletionRequest struct {
 	Temperature      *float32       `json:"temperature"`
 	TopP             float32        `json:"top_p"`
 	Suffix           string         `json:"suffix"`
+	DebugRenderOnly  bool           `json:"_debug_render_only"`
 }
 
 type Completion struct {
@@ -272,8 +276,8 @@ func toChatCompletion(id string, r api.ChatResponse) ChatCompletion {
 				}
 				return nil
 			}(r.DoneReason),
-		}},
-		Usage: toUsage(r),
+		}}, Usage: toUsage(r),
+		DebugInfo: r.DebugInfo,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -567,13 +571,14 @@ func fromChatRequest(r ChatCompletionRequest) (*api.ChatRequest, error) {
 	}
 
 	return &api.ChatRequest{
-		Model:    r.Model,
-		Messages: messages,
-		Format:   format,
-		Options:  options,
-		Stream:   &r.Stream,
-		Tools:    r.Tools,
-		Think:    think,
+		Model:           r.Model,
+		Messages:        messages,
+		Format:          format,
+		Options:         options,
+		Stream:          &r.Stream,
+		Tools:           r.Tools,
+		Think:           think,
+		DebugRenderOnly: r.DebugRenderOnly,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -647,11 +652,12 @@ func fromCompleteRequest(r CompletionRequest) (api.GenerateRequest, error) {
 	}
 
 	return api.GenerateRequest{
-		Model:   r.Model,
-		Prompt:  r.Prompt,
-		Options: options,
-		Stream:  &r.Stream,
-		Suffix:  r.Suffix,
+		Model:           r.Model,
+		Prompt:          r.Prompt,
+		Options:         options,
+		Stream:          &r.Stream,
+		Suffix:          r.Suffix,
+		DebugRenderOnly: r.DebugRenderOnly,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -1005,7 +1011,7 @@ func EmbeddingsMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 
 		var b bytes.Buffer
-		if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(api.EmbedRequest{Model: req.Model, Input: req.Input}); err != nil {
+		if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(api.EmbedRequest{Model: req.Model, Input: req.Input, Dimensions: req.Dimensions}); err != nil {
 			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, NewError(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error()))
 			return
 		}

parser/parser.go

@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)
 			req.System = c.Args
 		case "license":
 			licenses = append(licenses, c.Args)
+		case "renderer":
+			req.Renderer = c.Args
+		case "parser":
+			req.Parser = c.Args
 		case "message":
 			role, msg, _ := strings.Cut(c.Args, ": ")
 			messages = append(messages, api.Message{Role: role, Content: msg})
@@ -320,7 +324,7 @@ func (c Command) String() string {
 	switch c.Name {
 	case "model":
 		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "FROM %s", c.Args)
-	case "license", "template", "system", "adapter":
+	case "license", "template", "system", "adapter", "renderer", "parser":
 		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "%s %s", strings.ToUpper(c.Name), quote(c.Args))
 	case "message":
 		role, message, _ := strings.Cut(c.Args, ": ")
@@ -346,7 +350,7 @@ const (
 var (
 	errMissingFrom        = errors.New("no FROM line")
 	errInvalidMessageRole = errors.New("message role must be one of \"system\", \"user\", or \"assistant\"")
-	errInvalidCommand     = errors.New("command must be one of \"from\", \"license\", \"template\", \"system\", \"adapter\", \"parameter\", or \"message\"")
+	errInvalidCommand     = errors.New("command must be one of \"from\", \"license\", \"template\", \"system\", \"adapter\", \"renderer\", \"parser\", \"parameter\", or \"message\"")
 )
 
 type ParserError struct {
@@ -606,7 +610,7 @@ func isValidMessageRole(role string) bool {
 
 func isValidCommand(cmd string) bool {
 	switch strings.ToLower(cmd) {
-	case "from", "license", "template", "system", "adapter", "parameter", "message":
+	case "from", "license", "template", "system", "adapter", "renderer", "parser", "parameter", "message":
 		return true
 	default:
 		return false

parser/parser_test.go

@@ -198,6 +198,34 @@ BADCOMMAND param1 value1
 	}
 }
 
+func TestParseFileRenderer(t *testing.T) {
+	input := `
+FROM foo
+RENDERER renderer1
+`
+
+	reader := strings.NewReader(input)
+
+	modelfile, err := ParseFile(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []Command{{Name: "model", Args: "foo"}, {Name: "renderer", Args: "renderer1"}}, modelfile.Commands)
+}
+
+func TestParseFileParser(t *testing.T) {
+	input := `
+FROM foo
+PARSER parser1
+`
+
+	reader := strings.NewReader(input)
+
+	modelfile, err := ParseFile(reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []Command{{Name: "model", Args: "foo"}, {Name: "parser", Args: "parser1"}}, modelfile.Commands)
+}
+
 func TestParseFileMessages(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		input    string

parser/token_parser.go

@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-package parser
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/harmony"
-)
-
-type TokenParserType int
-
-const (
-	TokenParserTypeDefault TokenParserType = iota
-	TokenParserTypeHarmony
-)
-
-type TokenParser struct {
-	messageHandler MessageHandler
-	parserEngine   ParserInternals
-	toolParser     ToolParser
-	lastToken      string
-	tokenRepeat    int
-	repeatLimit    int
-}
-
-const defaultTokenRepeatLimit = 30
-
-type MessageHandler interface {
-	AddContent(token string) (content, thinking string, toolContent string)
-}
-
-type ParserInternals interface {
-	AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(prefillString string)
-	ConstraintsAllowed() bool
-}
-
-type ToolParser interface {
-	Add(token string)
-	Drain() (toolName *string, toolContent string)
-}
-
-// Default implementation for the TokenParser interface as a no-op passthrough
-type defaultMessageHandler struct{}
-
-func (defaultMessageHandler) AddContent(token string) (string, string, string) {
-	return token, "", ""
-}
-
-type defaultEngine struct{}
-
-func (defaultEngine) AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(prefillString string) {}
-
-func (defaultEngine) ConstraintsAllowed() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-type defaultToolParser struct{}
-
-func (defaultToolParser) Add(token string) {}
-
-func (defaultToolParser) Drain() (*string, string) { return nil, "" }
-
-func NewTokenParser(parserType TokenParserType, prefillString string) TokenParser {
-	switch parserType {
-	case TokenParserTypeHarmony:
-		harmonyMessageHandler := harmony.NewHarmonyMessageHandler()
-		harmonyMessageHandler.HarmonyParser.AddImplicitStartOrPrefill(prefillString)
-		return TokenParser{
-			messageHandler: harmonyMessageHandler,
-			parserEngine:   harmonyMessageHandler.HarmonyParser,
-			toolParser:     harmonyMessageHandler.ToolParser,
-			repeatLimit:    defaultTokenRepeatLimit,
-		}
-
-	default:
-		return TokenParser{
-			messageHandler: defaultMessageHandler{},
-			parserEngine:   defaultEngine{},
-			toolParser:     defaultToolParser{},
-			repeatLimit:    30,
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (p *TokenParser) AddContent(token string) (string, string, error) {
-	if p.repeatLimitReached(token) {
-		return "", "", errors.New("token repeat limit reached")
-	}
-	content, thinking, toolContent := p.messageHandler.AddContent(token)
-	p.toolParser.Add(toolContent)
-	return content, thinking, nil
-}
-
-// repeatLimitReached updates repeat counters and returns true if the repeat limit is reached.
-func (p *TokenParser) repeatLimitReached(token string) bool {
-	if p == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(token)
-	if trimmed == p.lastToken {
-		p.tokenRepeat++
-	} else {
-		p.tokenRepeat = 0
-	}
-	p.lastToken = trimmed
-
-	return p.tokenRepeat >= p.repeatLimit
-}
-
-func (p *TokenParser) ConstraintsAllowed() bool {
-	return p.parserEngine.ConstraintsAllowed()
-}
-
-// TODO: update to work with multiple toolcalls - unmarshalling should also happen on parser level
-func (p *TokenParser) Drain() []api.ToolCall {
-	toolName, toolContent := p.toolParser.Drain()
-	if toolName != nil {
-		*toolName = strings.TrimPrefix(*toolName, "functions.")
-		var args api.ToolCallFunctionArguments
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(toolContent), &args); err != nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return []api.ToolCall{
-			{
-				Function: api.ToolCallFunction{
-					Name:      *toolName,
-					Arguments: args,
-				},
-			},
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}

runner/llamarunner/cache.go

@@ -204,13 +204,8 @@ func (c *InputCache) ShiftDiscard(inputLen int, numKeep int) int {
 	targetFree = max(targetFree, 1)
 
 	currentFree := c.numCtx - inputLen
-	discard := targetFree - currentFree
 
-	if discard < 0 {
-		discard = 0
-	}
-
-	return discard
+	return max(targetFree-currentFree, 0)
 }
 
 type ErrReprocessInputs struct {

runner/ollamarunner/cache.go

@@ -242,13 +242,8 @@ func (c *InputCache) ShiftDiscard(inputLen int32, numKeep int32) int32 {
 	targetFree = max(targetFree, 1)
 
 	currentFree := c.numCtx - inputLen
-	discard := targetFree - currentFree
 
-	if discard < 0 {
-		discard = 0
-	}
-
-	return discard
+	return max(targetFree-currentFree, 0)
 }
 
 type ErrReprocessInputs struct {

runner/ollamarunner/runner.go

@@ -11,14 +11,12 @@ import (
 	"image"
 	"log"
 	"log/slog"
-	"math"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
-	"runtime/debug"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -33,9 +31,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn/pooling"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/runner/common"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/sample"
 
@@ -62,11 +60,6 @@ type Sequence struct {
 	// tokens that have been generated but not returned yet (e.g. for stop sequences)
 	pendingResponses []string
 
-	// startGate
-	startGate *sync.Mutex
-
-	grammarReady bool
-
 	// input cache being used by this sequence
 	cache *InputCacheSlot
 
@@ -169,7 +162,6 @@ func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []llm.ImageData, params NewSe
 
 	// TODO(jessegross): Ingest cached history for grammar
 
-	startGate := &sync.Mutex{}
 	return &Sequence{
 		ctxs:                ctxs,
 		mmStore:             mmStore,
@@ -185,8 +177,6 @@ func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []llm.ImageData, params NewSe
 		embeddingOnly:       params.embedding,
 		stop:                params.stop,
 		numKeep:             params.numKeep,
-		startGate:           startGate,
-		grammarReady:        false,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -415,7 +405,7 @@ func (s *Server) removeSequence(seqIndex int, reason llm.DoneReason) {
 func (s *Server) run(ctx context.Context) {
 	s.ready.Wait()
 
-	supportsAsync := s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type", math.MaxUint32) == math.MaxUint32
+	supportsAsync := pooling.Type(s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type")) == pooling.TypeNone
 
 	var activeBatch batchState
 	for {
@@ -477,6 +467,7 @@ func (s *Server) forwardBatch(pendingBatch batchState) (nextBatch batchState, er
 
 	// Prepare the seqs and batch, but defer the input token values as we may not be ready yet
 	var batchInputs []*input.Input
+	var batchOutputs []int32
 	var batch input.Batch
 
 	resumeSeq := -1
@@ -559,9 +550,9 @@ func (s *Server) forwardBatch(pendingBatch batchState) (nextBatch batchState, er
 			batch.Positions = append(batch.Positions, int32(len(seq.cache.Inputs)+len(seq.pendingInputs)))
 			batch.Sequences = append(batch.Sequences, seq.cache.Id)
 
-			seq.iBatch = len(batch.Outputs)
-			if i+1 == len(seq.inputs) {
-				batch.Outputs = append(batch.Outputs, int32(len(batchInputs)-1))
+			seq.iBatch = len(batchOutputs)
+			if i+1 == len(seq.inputs) || seq.embeddingOnly {
+				batchOutputs = append(batchOutputs, int32(len(batchInputs)-1))
 			}
 			logutil.Trace("forwardBatch iBatch", "batchID", s.batchID, "seqIdx", seqIdx, "seq.iBatch", seq.iBatch, "i+1", i+1, "len(seq.inputs)", len(seq.inputs))
 			seq.pendingInputs = append(seq.pendingInputs, inp)
@@ -586,6 +577,7 @@ func (s *Server) forwardBatch(pendingBatch batchState) (nextBatch batchState, er
 
 	// Actual batchInputs values will be injected into the batch.Inputs tensor before calling Compute
 	batch.Inputs = nextBatch.ctx.Input().Empty(ml.DTypeI32, len(batchInputs))
+	batch.Outputs = nextBatch.ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batchOutputs, len(batchOutputs))
 	nextBatch.modelOutput, err = model.Forward(nextBatch.ctx, s.model, batch)
 	if err != nil {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("failed to build graph: %w", err)
@@ -713,20 +705,13 @@ func (s *Server) computeBatch(activeBatch batchState) {
 		}
 
 		// sample a token
-		vocabSize := len(outputs) / len(activeBatch.batch.Outputs)
-		logutil.Trace("computeBatch: vocab details", "batchID", activeBatch.id, "seqIdx", i, "len(logits)", len(outputs), "len(activeBatch.batch.Outputs)", len(activeBatch.batch.Outputs), "vocabSize", vocabSize, "iBatches", iBatches)
-
-		if !seq.grammarReady {
-			seq.startGate.Lock()
-		}
+		vocabSize := len(outputs) / activeBatch.batch.Outputs.Dim(0)
+		logutil.Trace("computeBatch: vocab details", "batchID", activeBatch.id, "seqIdx", i, "len(logits)", len(outputs), "len(activeBatch.batch.Outputs)", activeBatch.batch.Outputs.Dim(0), "vocabSize", vocabSize, "iBatches", iBatches)
 		token, err := seq.sampler.Sample(outputs[iBatches[i]*vocabSize : (iBatches[i]+1)*vocabSize])
 		if err != nil {
 			s.hardErrCh <- fmt.Errorf("failed to sample token: %w", err)
 			return
 		}
-		if !seq.grammarReady {
-			seq.startGate.Unlock()
-		}
 
 		nextBatchTokens[i].Token = token
 
@@ -829,7 +814,7 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		req.Options.TopP,
 		req.Options.MinP,
 		req.Options.Seed,
-		nil,
+		grammar,
 	)
 
 	seq, err := s.NewSequence(req.Prompt, req.Images, NewSequenceParams{
@@ -844,12 +829,6 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	tokenParser := parser.NewTokenParser(req.ParserType, req.PrefillString)
-	// this accounts for the default case and also the case where there is a prefill which moves the state of the parser to allow for constraints
-	if tokenParser.ConstraintsAllowed() {
-		seq.grammarReady = true
-	}
-
 	// Ensure there is a place to put the sequence, released when removed from s.seqs
 	if err := s.seqsSem.Acquire(r.Context(), 1); err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
@@ -893,28 +872,8 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			return
 		case content, ok := <-seq.responses:
 			if ok {
-				if !seq.grammarReady {
-					seq.startGate.Lock()
-				}
-				var thinking string
-				var err error
-				content, thinking, err = tokenParser.AddContent(content)
-				if err != nil {
-					http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
-					close(seq.quit)
-					return
-				}
-
-				// only apply the grammar once
-				if tokenParser.ConstraintsAllowed() && !seq.grammarReady {
-					seq.sampler.SetGrammar(grammar, &s.mu)
-					seq.grammarReady = true
-					seq.startGate.Unlock()
-				}
-
 				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.CompletionResponse{
-					Content:  content,
-					Thinking: thinking,
+					Content: content,
 				}); err != nil {
 					http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
 					close(seq.quit)
@@ -923,9 +882,7 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 				flusher.Flush()
 			} else {
-				toolCalls := tokenParser.Drain()
 				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.CompletionResponse{
-					ToolCalls:          toolCalls,
 					Done:               true,
 					DoneReason:         seq.doneReason,
 					PromptEvalCount:    seq.numPromptInputs,
@@ -938,15 +895,12 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 				return
 			}
-			if !seq.grammarReady {
-				seq.startGate.Unlock()
-			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 func (s *Server) embeddings(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	if s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type", math.MaxUint32) == math.MaxUint32 {
+	if pooling.Type(s.model.Backend().Config().Uint("pooling_type")) == pooling.TypeNone {
 		http.Error(w, "this model does not support embeddings", http.StatusNotImplemented)
 		return
 	}
@@ -1094,12 +1048,8 @@ func (s *Server) reserveWorstCaseGraph() error {
 		batch.Positions[i] = int32(i)
 	}
 
-	batch.Outputs = make([]int32, s.parallel)
-	for i := range batch.Outputs {
-		batch.Outputs[i] = int32(i)
-	}
-
 	batch.Inputs = ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(batchInputs, len(batchInputs))
+	batch.Outputs = ctx.Input().Empty(ml.DTypeI32, s.parallel)
 
 	cache := s.model.Config().Cache
 	if cache != nil {
@@ -1133,9 +1083,13 @@ func (s *Server) allocModel(
 	// Convert memory allocation panics to errors
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r != nil {
-			debug.PrintStack()
 			if err, ok := r.(error); ok {
-				panicErr = err
+				var noMem ml.ErrNoMem
+				if errors.As(err, &noMem) {
+					panicErr = noMem
+				} else {
+					panic(r)
+				}
 			} else {
 				panic(r)
 			}

sample/samplers.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"math/rand/v2"
 	"slices"
-	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llama"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
@@ -26,12 +25,6 @@ type Sampler struct {
 	grammar     *GrammarSampler
 }
 
-func (s *Sampler) SetGrammar(grammar *GrammarSampler, mutex *sync.Mutex) {
-	mutex.Lock()
-	defer mutex.Unlock()
-	s.grammar = grammar
-}
-
 func (s *Sampler) Sample(logits []float32) (int32, error) {
 	if len(logits) == 0 {
 		return -1, errors.New("sample: no logits provided to sample")

sample/samplers_test.go

@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ func modelHelper(t testing.TB) model.BytePairEncoding {
 	merges := make([]string, 0, 1)
 	// Only need vocab for Grammar Test
 	return model.NewBytePairEncoding(
-		``,
 		&model.Vocabulary{
 			Values: tokens,
 			Types:  make([]int32, len(vocab)),

scripts/build_windows.ps1

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ function checkEnv() {
 }
 
 
-function buildOllama() {
+function buildCPU() {
     mkdir -Force -path "${script:DIST_DIR}\"
     if ($script:ARCH -ne "arm64") {
         Remove-Item -ea 0 -recurse -force -path "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}"
@@ -90,20 +90,72 @@ function buildOllama() {
         if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
         & cmake --install build --component CPU --strip
         if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
+    }
+}
 
+function buildCUDA11() {
+    # CUDA v11 claims to be compatible with MSVC 2022, but the latest updates are no longer compatible
+    # 19.40 is the last compiler version that works, but recent udpates are 19.43
+    # So this pins to MSVC 2019 for best compatibility
+    mkdir -Force -path "${script:DIST_DIR}\"
+    if ($script:ARCH -ne "arm64") {
         $hashEnv = @{}
         Get-ChildItem env: | foreach { $hashEnv[$_.Name] = $_.Value }
-        if ("$script:CUDA_DIRS".Contains("v12")) {
-            $hashEnv.Keys | foreach { if ($_.Contains("CUDA_PATH_V12")) { $v12="$_" }}
-            $env:CUDAToolkit_ROOT=$hashEnv[$v12]
-            write-host "Building CUDA v12 backend libraries"
-            & cmake --fresh --preset "CUDA 12" --install-prefix $script:DIST_DIR
+        if ("$script:CUDA_DIRS".Contains("v11")) {
+            $hashEnv.Keys | foreach { if ($_.Contains("CUDA_PATH_V11")) { $x=$hashEnv[$_]; if (test-path -literalpath "$x\bin\nvcc.exe" ) { $cuda=$x}  }}
+            write-host "Building CUDA v11 backend libraries $cuda"
+            $env:CUDAToolkit_ROOT=$cuda
+            & cmake --fresh --preset "CUDA 11" -T cuda="$cuda" -DCMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER="$cuda\bin\nvcc.exe" -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" --install-prefix $script:DIST_DIR -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v11"
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
+            & cmake --build --preset "CUDA 11"  --config Release --parallel $script:JOBS
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
+            & cmake --install build --component "CUDA" --strip
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+function buildCUDA12() {
+    mkdir -Force -path "${script:DIST_DIR}\"
+    if ($script:ARCH -ne "arm64") {
+        $hashEnv = @{}
+        Get-ChildItem env: | foreach { $hashEnv[$_.Name] = $_.Value }
+        if ("$script:CUDA_DIRS".Contains("v12.8")) {
+            $hashEnv.Keys | foreach { if ($_.Contains("CUDA_PATH_V12_8")) { $x=$hashEnv[$_]; if (test-path -literalpath "$x\bin\nvcc.exe" ) { $cuda=$x}  }}
+            write-host "Building CUDA v12 backend libraries $cuda"
+            $env:CUDAToolkit_ROOT=$cuda
+            & cmake --fresh --preset "CUDA 12" -T cuda="$cuda" --install-prefix $script:DIST_DIR -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v12"
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
             & cmake --build --preset "CUDA 12"  --config Release --parallel $script:JOBS
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
             & cmake --install build --component "CUDA" --strip
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
         }
+    }
+}
+
+function buildCUDA13() {
+    mkdir -Force -path "${script:DIST_DIR}\"
+    if ($script:ARCH -ne "arm64") {
+        $hashEnv = @{}
+        Get-ChildItem env: | foreach { $hashEnv[$_.Name] = $_.Value }
+        if ("$script:CUDA_DIRS".Contains("v13")) {
+            $hashEnv.Keys | foreach { if ($_.Contains("CUDA_PATH_V13")) { $x=$hashEnv[$_]; if (test-path -literalpath "$x\bin\nvcc.exe" ) { $cuda=$x}  }}
+            $env:CUDAToolkit_ROOT=$cuda
+            write-host "Building CUDA v13 backend libraries $cuda"
+            & cmake --fresh --preset "CUDA 13" -T cuda="$cuda" --install-prefix $script:DIST_DIR -DOLLAMA_RUNNER_DIR="cuda_v13"
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
+            & cmake --build --preset "CUDA 13"  --config Release --parallel $script:JOBS
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
+            & cmake --install build --component "CUDA" --strip
+            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+function buildROCm() {
+    mkdir -Force -path "${script:DIST_DIR}\"
+    if ($script:ARCH -ne "arm64") {
         if ($env:HIP_PATH) {
             write-host "Building ROCm backend libraries"
             if (-Not (get-command -ErrorAction silent ninja)) {
@@ -129,6 +181,10 @@ function buildOllama() {
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
         }
     }
+}
+
+function buildOllama() {
+    mkdir -Force -path "${script:DIST_DIR}\"
     write-host "Building ollama CLI"
     & go build -trimpath -ldflags "-s -w -X=github.com/ollama/ollama/version.Version=$script:VERSION -X=github.com/ollama/ollama/server.mode=release" .
     if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
@@ -236,6 +292,10 @@ function distZip() {
 checkEnv
 try {
     if ($($args.count) -eq 0) {
+        buildCPU
+        buildCUDA12
+        buildCUDA13
+        buildROCm
         buildOllama
         buildApp
         gatherDependencies

scripts/env.sh

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ OLLAMA_COMMON_BUILD_ARGS="--build-arg=VERSION \
     --build-arg=OLLAMA_FAST_BUILD \
     --build-arg=CUSTOM_CPU_FLAGS \
     --build-arg=GPU_RUNNER_CPU_FLAGS \
+    --build-arg=PARALLEL \
     --build-arg=AMDGPU_TARGETS"
 
 echo "Building Ollama"

server/create.go

@@ -10,8 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log/slog"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
+	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
@@ -39,6 +42,14 @@ var (
 )
 
 func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	config := &ConfigV2{
+		OS:           "linux",
+		Architecture: "amd64",
+		RootFS: RootFS{
+			Type: "layers",
+		},
+	}
+
 	var r api.CreateRequest
 	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&r); errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
 		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "missing request body"})
@@ -48,6 +59,9 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	config.Renderer = r.Renderer
+	config.Parser = r.Parser
+
 	for v := range r.Files {
 		if !fs.ValidPath(v) {
 			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": errFilePath.Error()})
@@ -77,20 +91,34 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		oldManifest, _ := ParseNamedManifest(name)
 
 		var baseLayers []*layerGGML
+		var err error
+		var remote bool
+
 		if r.From != "" {
-			slog.Debug("create model from model name")
+			slog.Debug("create model from model name", "from", r.From)
 			fromName := model.ParseName(r.From)
 			if !fromName.IsValid() {
 				ch <- gin.H{"error": errtypes.InvalidModelNameErrMsg, "status": http.StatusBadRequest}
 				return
 			}
+			if r.RemoteHost != "" {
+				ru, err := remoteURL(r.RemoteHost)
+				if err != nil {
+					ch <- gin.H{"error": "bad remote", "status": http.StatusBadRequest}
+					return
+				}
 
-			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(c.Request.Context())
-			defer cancel()
+				config.RemoteModel = r.From
+				config.RemoteHost = ru
+				remote = true
+			} else {
+				ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(c.Request.Context())
+				defer cancel()
 
-			baseLayers, err = parseFromModel(ctx, fromName, fn)
-			if err != nil {
-				ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
+				baseLayers, err = parseFromModel(ctx, fromName, fn)
+				if err != nil {
+					ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
+				}
 			}
 		} else if r.Files != nil {
 			baseLayers, err = convertModelFromFiles(r.Files, baseLayers, false, fn)
@@ -110,7 +138,7 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 
 		var adapterLayers []*layerGGML
-		if r.Adapters != nil {
+		if !remote && r.Adapters != nil {
 			adapterLayers, err = convertModelFromFiles(r.Adapters, baseLayers, true, fn)
 			if err != nil {
 				for _, badReq := range []error{errNoFilesProvided, errOnlyOneAdapterSupported, errOnlyGGUFSupported, errUnknownType, errFilePath} {
@@ -128,7 +156,56 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			baseLayers = append(baseLayers, adapterLayers...)
 		}
 
-		if err := createModel(r, name, baseLayers, fn); err != nil {
+		// Info is not currently exposed by Modelfiles, but allows overriding various
+		// config values
+		if r.Info != nil {
+			caps, ok := r.Info["capabilities"]
+			if ok {
+				switch tcaps := caps.(type) {
+				case []any:
+					caps := make([]string, len(tcaps))
+					for i, c := range tcaps {
+						str, ok := c.(string)
+						if !ok {
+							continue
+						}
+						caps[i] = str
+					}
+					config.Capabilities = append(config.Capabilities, caps...)
+				}
+			}
+
+			strFromInfo := func(k string) string {
+				v, ok := r.Info[k]
+				if ok {
+					val := v.(string)
+					return val
+				}
+				return ""
+			}
+
+			vFromInfo := func(k string) float64 {
+				v, ok := r.Info[k]
+				if ok {
+					val := v.(float64)
+					return val
+				}
+				return 0
+			}
+
+			config.ModelFamily = strFromInfo("model_family")
+			if config.ModelFamily != "" {
+				config.ModelFamilies = []string{config.ModelFamily}
+			}
+
+			config.BaseName = strFromInfo("base_name")
+			config.FileType = strFromInfo("quantization_level")
+			config.ModelType = strFromInfo("parameter_size")
+			config.ContextLen = int(vFromInfo("context_length"))
+			config.EmbedLen = int(vFromInfo("embedding_length"))
+		}
+
+		if err := createModel(r, name, baseLayers, config, fn); err != nil {
 			if errors.Is(err, errBadTemplate) {
 				ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error(), "status": http.StatusBadRequest}
 				return
@@ -154,6 +231,51 @@ func (s *Server) CreateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	streamResponse(c, ch)
 }
 
+func remoteURL(raw string) (string, error) {
+	// Special‑case: user supplied only a path ("/foo/bar").
+	if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "/") {
+		return (&url.URL{
+			Scheme: "http",
+			Host:   net.JoinHostPort("localhost", "11434"),
+			Path:   path.Clean(raw),
+		}).String(), nil
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
+		raw = "http://" + raw
+	}
+
+	if raw == "ollama.com" || raw == "http://ollama.com" {
+		raw = "https://ollama.com:443"
+	}
+
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if u.Host == "" {
+		u.Host = "localhost"
+	}
+
+	hostPart, portPart, err := net.SplitHostPort(u.Host)
+	if err == nil {
+		u.Host = net.JoinHostPort(hostPart, portPart)
+	} else {
+		u.Host = net.JoinHostPort(u.Host, "11434")
+	}
+
+	if u.Path != "" {
+		u.Path = path.Clean(u.Path)
+	}
+
+	if u.Path == "/" {
+		u.Path = ""
+	}
+
+	return u.String(), nil
+}
+
 func convertModelFromFiles(files map[string]string, baseLayers []*layerGGML, isAdapter bool, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) ([]*layerGGML, error) {
 	switch detectModelTypeFromFiles(files) {
 	case "safetensors":
@@ -316,15 +438,7 @@ func kvFromLayers(baseLayers []*layerGGML) (ggml.KV, error) {
 	return ggml.KV{}, fmt.Errorf("no base model was found")
 }
 
-func createModel(r api.CreateRequest, name model.Name, baseLayers []*layerGGML, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (err error) {
-	config := ConfigV2{
-		OS:           "linux",
-		Architecture: "amd64",
-		RootFS: RootFS{
-			Type: "layers",
-		},
-	}
-
+func createModel(r api.CreateRequest, name model.Name, baseLayers []*layerGGML, config *ConfigV2, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (err error) {
 	var layers []Layer
 	for _, layer := range baseLayers {
 		if layer.GGML != nil {
@@ -404,7 +518,7 @@ func createModel(r api.CreateRequest, name model.Name, baseLayers []*layerGGML,
 		return err
 	}
 
-	configLayer, err := createConfigLayer(layers, config)
+	configLayer, err := createConfigLayer(layers, *config)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

server/create_test.go

@@ -104,3 +104,154 @@ func TestConvertFromSafetensors(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRemoteURL(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    string
+		expected string
+		hasError bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "absolute path",
+			input:    "/foo/bar",
+			expected: "http://localhost:11434/foo/bar",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "absolute path with cleanup",
+			input:    "/foo/../bar",
+			expected: "http://localhost:11434/bar",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "root path",
+			input:    "/",
+			expected: "http://localhost:11434/",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "host without scheme",
+			input:    "example.com",
+			expected: "http://example.com:11434",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "host with port",
+			input:    "example.com:8080",
+			expected: "http://example.com:8080",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "full URL",
+			input:    "https://example.com:8080/path",
+			expected: "https://example.com:8080/path",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "full URL with path cleanup",
+			input:    "https://example.com:8080/path/../other",
+			expected: "https://example.com:8080/other",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ollama.com special case",
+			input:    "ollama.com",
+			expected: "https://ollama.com:443",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "http ollama.com special case",
+			input:    "http://ollama.com",
+			expected: "https://ollama.com:443",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "URL with only host",
+			input:    "http://example.com",
+			expected: "http://example.com:11434",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "URL with root path cleaned",
+			input:    "http://example.com/",
+			expected: "http://example.com:11434",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "invalid URL",
+			input:    "http://[::1]:namedport", // invalid port
+			expected: "",
+			hasError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty string",
+			input:    "",
+			expected: "http://localhost:11434",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "host with scheme but no port",
+			input:    "http://localhost",
+			expected: "http://localhost:11434",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "complex path cleanup",
+			input:    "/a/b/../../c/./d",
+			expected: "http://localhost:11434/c/d",
+			hasError: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result, err := remoteURL(tt.input)
+
+			if tt.hasError {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Errorf("expected error but got none")
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("expected %q, got %q", tt.expected, result)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemoteURL_Idempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that applying remoteURL twice gives the same result as applying it once
+	testInputs := []string{
+		"/foo/bar",
+		"example.com",
+		"https://example.com:8080/path",
+		"ollama.com",
+		"http://localhost:11434",
+	}
+
+	for _, input := range testInputs {
+		t.Run(input, func(t *testing.T) {
+			firstResult, err := remoteURL(input)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("first call failed: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			secondResult, err := remoteURL(firstResult)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("second call failed: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if firstResult != secondResult {
+				t.Errorf("function is not idempotent: first=%q, second=%q", firstResult, secondResult)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

server/images.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/gguf"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/parsers"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/template"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/thinking"
@@ -73,29 +74,38 @@ func (m *Model) Capabilities() []model.Capability {
 	capabilities := []model.Capability{}
 
 	// Check for completion capability
-	f, err := gguf.Open(m.ModelPath)
-	if err == nil {
-		defer f.Close()
+	if m.ModelPath != "" {
+		f, err := gguf.Open(m.ModelPath)
+		if err == nil {
+			defer f.Close()
 
-		if f.KeyValue("pooling_type").Valid() {
-			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityEmbedding)
+			if f.KeyValue("pooling_type").Valid() {
+				capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityEmbedding)
+			} else {
+				// If no embedding is specified, we assume the model supports completion
+				capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityCompletion)
+			}
+			if f.KeyValue("vision.block_count").Valid() {
+				capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityVision)
+			}
 		} else {
-			// If no embedding is specified, we assume the model supports completion
-			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityCompletion)
+			slog.Error("couldn't open model file", "error", err)
 		}
-		if f.KeyValue("vision.block_count").Valid() {
-			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityVision)
+	} else if len(m.Config.Capabilities) > 0 {
+		for _, c := range m.Config.Capabilities {
+			capabilities = append(capabilities, model.Capability(c))
 		}
 	} else {
-		slog.Error("couldn't open model file", "error", err)
+		slog.Warn("unknown capabilities for model", "model", m.Name)
 	}
 
 	if m.Template == nil {
 		return capabilities
 	}
 
+	builtinParser := parsers.ParserForName(m.Config.Parser)
 	// Check for tools capability
-	if slices.Contains(m.Template.Vars(), "tools") {
+	if slices.Contains(m.Template.Vars(), "tools") || (builtinParser != nil && builtinParser.HasToolSupport()) {
 		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityTools)
 	}
 
@@ -109,10 +119,16 @@ func (m *Model) Capabilities() []model.Capability {
 		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityVision)
 	}
 
+	// Skip the thinking check if it's already set
+	if slices.Contains(capabilities, "thinking") {
+		return capabilities
+	}
+
 	// Check for thinking capability
 	openingTag, closingTag := thinking.InferTags(m.Template.Template)
 	hasTags := openingTag != "" && closingTag != ""
-	if hasTags || slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, m.Config.ModelFamily) {
+	isGptoss := slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, m.Config.ModelFamily)
+	if hasTags || isGptoss || (builtinParser != nil && builtinParser.HasThinkingSupport()) {
 		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityThinking)
 	}
 
@@ -198,6 +214,20 @@ func (m *Model) String() string {
 		})
 	}
 
+	if m.Config.Renderer != "" {
+		modelfile.Commands = append(modelfile.Commands, parser.Command{
+			Name: "renderer",
+			Args: m.Config.Renderer,
+		})
+	}
+
+	if m.Config.Parser != "" {
+		modelfile.Commands = append(modelfile.Commands, parser.Command{
+			Name: "parser",
+			Args: m.Config.Parser,
+		})
+	}
+
 	for k, v := range m.Options {
 		switch v := v.(type) {
 		case []any:
@@ -236,8 +266,19 @@ type ConfigV2 struct {
 	ModelFormat   string   `json:"model_format"`
 	ModelFamily   string   `json:"model_family"`
 	ModelFamilies []string `json:"model_families"`
-	ModelType     string   `json:"model_type"`
-	FileType      string   `json:"file_type"`
+	ModelType     string   `json:"model_type"` // shown as Parameter Size
+	FileType      string   `json:"file_type"`  // shown as Quantization Level
+	Renderer      string   `json:"renderer,omitempty"`
+	Parser        string   `json:"parser,omitempty"`
+
+	RemoteHost  string `json:"remote_host,omitempty"`
+	RemoteModel string `json:"remote_model,omitempty"`
+
+	// used for remotes
+	Capabilities []string `json:"capabilities,omitempty"`
+	ContextLen   int      `json:"context_length,omitempty"`
+	EmbedLen     int      `json:"embedding_length,omitempty"`
+	BaseName     string   `json:"base_name,omitempty"`
 
 	// required by spec
 	Architecture string `json:"architecture"`

server/internal/internal/backoff/backoff.go

@@ -25,10 +25,7 @@ func Loop(ctx context.Context, maxBackoff time.Duration) iter.Seq2[int, error] {
 
 			// n^2 backoff timer is a little smoother than the
 			// common choice of 2^n.
-			d := time.Duration(n*n) * 10 * time.Millisecond
-			if d > maxBackoff {
-				d = maxBackoff
-			}
+			d := min(time.Duration(n*n)*10*time.Millisecond, maxBackoff)
 			// Randomize the delay between 0.5-1.5 x msec, in order
 			// to prevent accidental "thundering herd" problems.
 			d = time.Duration(float64(d) * (rand.Float64() + 0.5))

server/prompt.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/renderers"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/template"
 )
 
@@ -41,18 +42,12 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.
 			}
 		}
 
-		thinkVal := false
-		thinkLevel := ""
-		if think != nil {
-			thinkVal = think.Bool()
-			thinkLevel = think.String()
-		}
-		var b bytes.Buffer
-		if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[i:]...), Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, ThinkLevel: thinkLevel, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
+		p, err := renderPrompt(m, append(system, msgs[i:]...), tools, think)
+		if err != nil {
 			return "", nil, err
 		}
 
-		s, err := tokenize(ctx, b.String())
+		s, err := tokenize(ctx, p)
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", nil, err
 		}
@@ -101,6 +96,23 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.
 	}
 
 	// truncate any messages that do not fit into the context window
+	p, err := renderPrompt(m, append(system, msgs[currMsgIdx:]...), tools, think)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	return p, images, nil
+}
+
+func renderPrompt(m *Model, msgs []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, think *api.ThinkValue) (string, error) {
+	if m.Config.Renderer != "" {
+		rendered, err := renderers.RenderWithRenderer(m.Config.Renderer, msgs, tools, think)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		return rendered, nil
+	}
+
 	var b bytes.Buffer
 	thinkVal := false
 	thinkLevel := ""
@@ -108,9 +120,8 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.
 		thinkVal = think.Bool()
 		thinkLevel = think.String()
 	}
-	if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[currMsgIdx:]...), Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, ThinkLevel: thinkLevel, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
-		return "", nil, err
+	if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: msgs, Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, ThinkLevel: thinkLevel, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-
-	return b.String(), images, nil
+	return b.String(), nil
 }

server/routes.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"cmp"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/netip"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"slices"
@@ -28,15 +30,15 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/auth"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/discover"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/harmony"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/logutil"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/parsers"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/openai"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/client/ollama"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/template"
@@ -47,6 +49,20 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 )
 
+const signinURLStr = "https://ollama.com/connect?name=%s&key=%s"
+
+func shouldUseHarmony(model *Model) bool {
+	if slices.Contains([]string{"gptoss", "gpt-oss"}, model.Config.ModelFamily) {
+		// heuristic to check whether the template expects to be parsed via harmony:
+		// search for harmony tags that are nearly always used
+		if model.Template.Contains("<|start|>") && model.Template.Contains("<|end|>") {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
 func experimentEnabled(name string) bool {
 	return slices.Contains(strings.Split(os.Getenv("OLLAMA_EXPERIMENT"), ","), name)
 }
@@ -137,6 +153,17 @@ func (s *Server) scheduleRunner(ctx context.Context, name string, caps []model.C
 	return runner.llama, model, &opts, nil
 }
 
+func signinURL() (string, error) {
+	pubKey, err := auth.GetPublicKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	encKey := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(pubKey))
+	h, _ := os.Hostname()
+	return fmt.Sprintf(signinURLStr, url.PathEscape(h), encKey), nil
+}
+
 func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	checkpointStart := time.Now()
 	var req api.GenerateRequest
@@ -177,6 +204,90 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" && m.Config.RemoteModel != "" {
+		origModel := req.Model
+
+		remoteURL, err := url.Parse(m.Config.RemoteHost)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !slices.Contains(envconfig.Remotes(), remoteURL.Hostname()) {
+			slog.Info("remote model", "remotes", envconfig.Remotes(), "remoteURL", m.Config.RemoteHost, "hostname", remoteURL.Hostname())
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "this server cannot run this remote model"})
+			return
+		}
+
+		req.Model = m.Config.RemoteModel
+
+		if req.Template == "" && m.Template.String() != "" {
+			req.Template = m.Template.String()
+		}
+
+		if req.Options == nil {
+			req.Options = map[string]any{}
+		}
+
+		for k, v := range m.Options {
+			if _, ok := req.Options[k]; !ok {
+				req.Options[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+
+		// update the system prompt from the model if one isn't already specified
+		if req.System == "" && m.System != "" {
+			req.System = m.System
+		}
+
+		if len(m.Messages) > 0 {
+			slog.Warn("embedded messages in the model not supported with '/api/generate'; try '/api/chat' instead")
+		}
+
+		fn := func(resp api.GenerateResponse) error {
+			resp.Model = origModel
+			resp.RemoteModel = m.Config.RemoteModel
+			resp.RemoteHost = m.Config.RemoteHost
+
+			data, err := json.Marshal(resp)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if _, err = c.Writer.Write(append(data, '\n')); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			c.Writer.Flush()
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		client := api.NewClient(remoteURL, http.DefaultClient)
+		err = client.Generate(c, &req, fn)
+		if err != nil {
+			var authError api.AuthorizationError
+			if errors.As(err, &authError) {
+				sURL, sErr := signinURL()
+				if sErr != nil {
+					slog.Error(sErr.Error())
+					c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "error getting authorization details"})
+					return
+				}
+
+				c.JSON(authError.StatusCode, gin.H{"error": "unauthorized", "signin_url": sURL})
+				return
+			}
+			var apiError api.StatusError
+			if errors.As(err, &apiError) {
+				c.JSON(apiError.StatusCode, apiError)
+				return
+			}
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+			return
+		}
+
+		return
+	}
+
 	// expire the runner
 	if req.Prompt == "" && req.KeepAlive != nil && req.KeepAlive.Duration == 0 {
 		s.sched.expireRunner(m)
@@ -196,21 +307,21 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	useHarmony := harmony.ShouldUseHarmony(m.Config.ModelFamily, m.Template) && !req.Raw
-	var parserType parser.TokenParserType
-	if useHarmony {
-		parserType = parser.TokenParserTypeHarmony
-	} else {
-		parserType = parser.TokenParserTypeDefault
-	}
-	var functionNameMap *harmony.FunctionNameMap
-
-	if useHarmony {
-		functionNameMap = harmony.NewFunctionNameMap()
+	var builtinParser parsers.Parser
+	if shouldUseHarmony(m) && m.Config.Parser == "" {
+		m.Config.Parser = "harmony"
 	}
 
-	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for gptoss models
-	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && !useHarmony {
+	if !req.Raw && m.Config.Parser != "" {
+		builtinParser = parsers.ParserForName(m.Config.Parser)
+		if builtinParser != nil {
+			// no tools or last message for generate endpoint
+			builtinParser.Init(nil, nil)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for harmony/gptoss models
+	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && m.Config.Parser != "harmony" {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("think value %q is not supported for this model", req.Think.String())})
 		return
 	}
@@ -322,10 +433,10 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	// If debug mode is enabled, return the rendered template instead of calling the model
 	if req.DebugRenderOnly {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.DebugTemplateResponse{
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.GenerateResponse{
 			Model:     req.Model,
 			CreatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
-			DebugInfo: api.DebugInfo{
+			DebugInfo: &api.DebugInfo{
 				RenderedTemplate: prompt,
 				ImageCount:       len(images),
 			},
@@ -334,13 +445,16 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	var thinkingState *thinking.Parser
-	if !useHarmony {
+	if builtinParser == nil {
 		openingTag, closingTag := thinking.InferTags(m.Template.Template)
 		if req.Think != nil && req.Think.Bool() && openingTag != "" && closingTag != "" {
 			thinkingState = &thinking.Parser{
 				OpeningTag: openingTag,
 				ClosingTag: closingTag,
 			}
+			if strings.HasSuffix(strings.TrimSpace(prompt), openingTag) {
+				thinkingState.AddContent(openingTag)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -350,19 +464,16 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		var sb strings.Builder
 		defer close(ch)
 		if err := r.Completion(c.Request.Context(), llm.CompletionRequest{
-			Prompt:     prompt,
-			Images:     images,
-			Format:     req.Format,
-			Options:    opts,
-			ParserType: parserType,
+			Prompt:  prompt,
+			Images:  images,
+			Format:  req.Format,
+			Options: opts,
 		}, func(cr llm.CompletionResponse) {
 			res := api.GenerateResponse{
 				Model:     req.Model,
 				CreatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
 				Response:  cr.Content,
 				Done:      cr.Done,
-				Thinking:  cr.Thinking,
-				ToolCalls: cr.ToolCalls,
 				Metrics: api.Metrics{
 					PromptEvalCount:    cr.PromptEvalCount,
 					PromptEvalDuration: cr.PromptEvalDuration,
@@ -371,22 +482,18 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				},
 			}
 
-			if res.Done {
-				res.DoneReason = cr.DoneReason.String()
-				res.TotalDuration = time.Since(checkpointStart)
-				res.LoadDuration = checkpointLoaded.Sub(checkpointStart)
-			}
-
-			if useHarmony {
-				for i, tool := range res.ToolCalls {
-					res.ToolCalls[i].Function.Name = functionNameMap.OriginalFromConverted(tool.Function.Name)
+			if builtinParser != nil {
+				content, thinking, toolCalls, err := builtinParser.Add(cr.Content, cr.Done)
+				if err != nil {
+					ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
+					return
 				}
-				if res.Response != "" || res.Thinking != "" || len(res.ToolCalls) > 0 || res.Done {
-					ch <- res
+				res.Response = content
+				res.Thinking = thinking
+				if cr.Done && len(toolCalls) > 0 {
+					res.ToolCalls = toolCalls
 				}
-				return
-			}
-			if thinkingState != nil {
+			} else if thinkingState != nil {
 				thinking, content := thinkingState.AddContent(cr.Content)
 				res.Thinking = thinking
 				res.Response = content
@@ -397,6 +504,10 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			}
 
 			if cr.Done {
+				res.DoneReason = cr.DoneReason.String()
+				res.TotalDuration = time.Since(checkpointStart)
+				res.LoadDuration = checkpointLoaded.Sub(checkpointStart)
+
 				if !req.Raw {
 					tokens, err := r.Tokenize(c.Request.Context(), prompt+sb.String())
 					if err != nil {
@@ -407,7 +518,7 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if useHarmony {
+			if builtinParser != nil {
 				// only send messages with meaningful content (empty messages confuse clients)
 				if res.Response != "" || res.Thinking != "" || res.Done || len(res.ToolCalls) > 0 {
 					ch <- res
@@ -470,7 +581,6 @@ func (s *Server) EmbedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	truncate := true
-
 	if req.Truncate != nil && !*req.Truncate {
 		truncate = false
 	}
@@ -533,11 +643,27 @@ func (s *Server) EmbedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		ctxLen := min(opts.NumCtx, int(kvData.ContextLength()))
 		if len(tokens) > ctxLen {
 			if !truncate {
-				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "input length exceeds maximum context length"})
+				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "input exceeds maximum context length"})
+				return
+			}
+
+			if bos := kvData.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"); tokens[0] != int(bos) && kvData.Bool("add_bos_token", true) {
+				ctxLen--
+			}
+
+			if eos := kvData.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"); tokens[len(tokens)-1] != int(eos) && kvData.Bool("add_eos_token", true) {
+				ctxLen--
+			}
+
+			slog.Info("", "ctxLen", ctxLen, "tokenCount", len(tokens))
+			if ctxLen <= 0 {
+				// return error if the truncated input would be empty or just special tokens
+				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "input after truncation exceeds maximum context length"})
 				return
 			}
 
 			tokens = tokens[:ctxLen]
+
 			s, err = r.Detokenize(c.Request.Context(), tokens)
 			if err != nil {
 				c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
@@ -558,7 +684,12 @@ func (s *Server) EmbedHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			embeddings[i] = normalize(embedding)
+			// TODO: this first normalization should be done by the model
+			embedding = normalize(embedding)
+			if req.Dimensions > 0 && req.Dimensions < len(embedding) {
+				embedding = normalize(embedding[:req.Dimensions])
+			}
+			embeddings[i] = embedding
 			return nil
 		})
 	}
@@ -584,11 +715,7 @@ func normalize(vec []float32) []float32 {
 		sum += v * v
 	}
 
-	norm := float32(0.0)
-	if sum > 0 {
-		norm = float32(1.0 / math.Sqrt(float64(sum)))
-	}
-
+	norm := float32(1.0 / max(math.Sqrt(float64(sum)), 1e-12))
 	for i := range vec {
 		vec[i] *= norm
 	}
@@ -903,6 +1030,28 @@ func GetModelInfo(req api.ShowRequest) (*api.ShowResponse, error) {
 		ModifiedAt:   manifest.fi.ModTime(),
 	}
 
+	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" {
+		resp.RemoteHost = m.Config.RemoteHost
+		resp.RemoteModel = m.Config.RemoteModel
+
+		if m.Config.ModelFamily != "" {
+			resp.ModelInfo = make(map[string]any)
+			resp.ModelInfo["general.architecture"] = m.Config.ModelFamily
+
+			if m.Config.BaseName != "" {
+				resp.ModelInfo["general.basename"] = m.Config.BaseName
+			}
+
+			if m.Config.ContextLen > 0 {
+				resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", m.Config.ModelFamily)] = m.Config.ContextLen
+			}
+
+			if m.Config.EmbedLen > 0 {
+				resp.ModelInfo[fmt.Sprintf("%s.embedding_length", m.Config.ModelFamily)] = m.Config.EmbedLen
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	var params []string
 	cs := 30
 	for k, v := range m.Options {
@@ -933,6 +1082,11 @@ func GetModelInfo(req api.ShowRequest) (*api.ShowResponse, error) {
 	fmt.Fprint(&sb, m.String())
 	resp.Modelfile = sb.String()
 
+	// skip loading tensor information if this is a remote model
+	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" && m.Config.RemoteModel != "" {
+		return resp, nil
+	}
+
 	kvData, tensors, err := getModelData(m.ModelPath, req.Verbose)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1009,11 +1163,13 @@ func (s *Server) ListHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 
 		// tag should never be masked
 		models = append(models, api.ListModelResponse{
-			Model:      n.DisplayShortest(),
-			Name:       n.DisplayShortest(),
-			Size:       m.Size(),
-			Digest:     m.digest,
-			ModifiedAt: m.fi.ModTime(),
+			Model:       n.DisplayShortest(),
+			Name:        n.DisplayShortest(),
+			RemoteModel: cf.RemoteModel,
+			RemoteHost:  cf.RemoteHost,
+			Size:        m.Size(),
+			Digest:      m.digest,
+			ModifiedAt:  m.fi.ModTime(),
 			Details: api.ModelDetails{
 				Format:            cf.ModelFormat,
 				Family:            cf.ModelFamily,
@@ -1273,6 +1429,12 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateRoutes(rc *ollama.Registry) (http.Handler, error) {
 	r.POST("/api/show", s.ShowHandler)
 	r.DELETE("/api/delete", s.DeleteHandler)
 
+	r.POST("/api/me", s.WhoamiHandler)
+
+	r.POST("/api/signout", s.SignoutHandler)
+	// deprecated
+	r.DELETE("/api/user/keys/:encodedKey", s.SignoutHandler)
+
 	// Create
 	r.POST("/api/create", s.CreateHandler)
 	r.POST("/api/blobs/:digest", s.CreateBlobHandler)
@@ -1469,6 +1631,70 @@ func streamResponse(c *gin.Context, ch chan any) {
 	})
 }
 
+func (s *Server) WhoamiHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	// todo allow other hosts
+	u, err := url.Parse("https://ollama.com")
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error(err.Error())
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "URL parse error"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	client := api.NewClient(u, http.DefaultClient)
+	user, err := client.Whoami(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error(err.Error())
+	}
+
+	// user isn't signed in
+	if user != nil && user.Name == "" {
+		sURL, sErr := signinURL()
+		if sErr != nil {
+			slog.Error(sErr.Error())
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "error getting authorization details"})
+			return
+		}
+
+		c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "unauthorized", "signin_url": sURL})
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, user)
+}
+
+func (s *Server) SignoutHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	pubKey, err := auth.GetPublicKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("couldn't get public key", "error", err)
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "there was an error signing out"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	encKey := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(pubKey))
+
+	// todo allow other hosts
+	u, err := url.Parse("https://ollama.com")
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error(err.Error())
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "URL parse error"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	client := api.NewClient(u, http.DefaultClient)
+	err = client.Disconnect(c, encKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		var authError api.AuthorizationError
+		if errors.As(err, &authError) {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "you are not currently signed in"})
+			return
+		}
+		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "there was an error signing out"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, nil)
+}
+
 func (s *Server) PsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	models := []api.ProcessModelResponse{}
 
@@ -1525,21 +1751,34 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// expire the runner
-	if len(req.Messages) == 0 && req.KeepAlive != nil && req.KeepAlive.Duration == 0 {
-		model, err := GetModel(req.Model)
-		if err != nil {
-			switch {
-			case os.IsNotExist(err):
-				c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("model '%s' not found", req.Model)})
-			case err.Error() == errtypes.InvalidModelNameErrMsg:
-				c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-			default:
-				c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-			}
-			return
+	name := model.ParseName(req.Model)
+	if !name.IsValid() {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	name, err := getExistingName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
+		return
+	}
+
+	m, err := GetModel(req.Model)
+	if err != nil {
+		switch {
+		case os.IsNotExist(err):
+			c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("model '%s' not found", req.Model)})
+		case err.Error() == errtypes.InvalidModelNameErrMsg:
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+		default:
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		}
-		s.sched.expireRunner(model)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// expire the runner
+	if len(req.Messages) == 0 && req.KeepAlive != nil && int(req.KeepAlive.Seconds()) == 0 {
+		s.sched.expireRunner(m)
 
 		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.ChatResponse{
 			Model:      req.Model,
@@ -1551,6 +1790,83 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	if m.Config.RemoteHost != "" && m.Config.RemoteModel != "" {
+		origModel := req.Model
+
+		remoteURL, err := url.Parse(m.Config.RemoteHost)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !slices.Contains(envconfig.Remotes(), remoteURL.Hostname()) {
+			slog.Info("remote model", "remotes", envconfig.Remotes(), "remoteURL", m.Config.RemoteHost, "hostname", remoteURL.Hostname())
+			c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "this server cannot run this remote model"})
+			return
+		}
+
+		req.Model = m.Config.RemoteModel
+		if req.Options == nil {
+			req.Options = map[string]any{}
+		}
+
+		msgs := append(m.Messages, req.Messages...)
+		if req.Messages[0].Role != "system" && m.System != "" {
+			msgs = append([]api.Message{{Role: "system", Content: m.System}}, msgs...)
+		}
+		msgs = filterThinkTags(msgs, m)
+		req.Messages = msgs
+
+		for k, v := range m.Options {
+			if _, ok := req.Options[k]; !ok {
+				req.Options[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+
+		fn := func(resp api.ChatResponse) error {
+			resp.Model = origModel
+			resp.RemoteModel = m.Config.RemoteModel
+			resp.RemoteHost = m.Config.RemoteHost
+
+			data, err := json.Marshal(resp)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if _, err = c.Writer.Write(append(data, '\n')); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			c.Writer.Flush()
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		client := api.NewClient(remoteURL, http.DefaultClient)
+		err = client.Chat(c, &req, fn)
+		if err != nil {
+			var authError api.AuthorizationError
+			if errors.As(err, &authError) {
+				sURL, sErr := signinURL()
+				if sErr != nil {
+					slog.Error(sErr.Error())
+					c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "error getting authorization details"})
+					return
+				}
+
+				c.JSON(authError.StatusCode, gin.H{"error": "unauthorized", "signin_url": sURL})
+				return
+			}
+			var apiError api.StatusError
+			if errors.As(err, &apiError) {
+				c.JSON(apiError.StatusCode, apiError)
+				return
+			}
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+			return
+		}
+
+		return
+	}
+
 	caps := []model.Capability{model.CapabilityCompletion}
 	if len(req.Tools) > 0 {
 		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityTools)
@@ -1559,17 +1875,6 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityThinking)
 	}
 
-	name := model.ParseName(req.Model)
-	if !name.IsValid() {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
-		return
-	}
-	name, err := getExistingName(name)
-	if err != nil {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "model is required"})
-		return
-	}
-
 	r, m, opts, err := s.scheduleRunner(c.Request.Context(), name.String(), caps, req.Options, req.KeepAlive)
 	if errors.Is(err, errCapabilityCompletion) {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("%q does not support chat", req.Model)})
@@ -1598,27 +1903,23 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 	msgs = filterThinkTags(msgs, m)
 
-	useHarmony := harmony.ShouldUseHarmony(m.Config.ModelFamily, m.Template)
-	var parserType parser.TokenParserType
-	if useHarmony {
-		parserType = parser.TokenParserTypeHarmony
-	} else {
-		parserType = parser.TokenParserTypeDefault
+	if shouldUseHarmony(m) && m.Config.Parser == "" {
+		m.Config.Parser = "harmony"
 	}
 
+	var builtinParser parsers.Parser
 	processedTools := req.Tools
-	var functionNameMap *harmony.FunctionNameMap
-	var prefillString string
-	// TODO(parthsareen): this can be abstracted to not be model specific and potentially moved to the runner
-	if useHarmony {
-		prefillString = harmony.Prefill(msgs[len(msgs)-1])
-		functionNameMap = harmony.NewFunctionNameMap()
-		// make a copy of tools to pass to the chat prompt. Function names may be
-		// renamed to be valid Harmony function names.
-		processedTools = make([]api.Tool, len(req.Tools))
-		copy(processedTools, req.Tools)
-		for i, tool := range processedTools {
-			processedTools[i].Function.Name = functionNameMap.ConvertAndAdd(tool.Function.Name)
+
+	if m.Config.Parser != "" {
+		builtinParser = parsers.ParserForName(m.Config.Parser)
+		if builtinParser != nil {
+			// Determine last message for chat prefill
+			var lastMessage *api.Message
+			if len(msgs) > 0 {
+				lastMessage = &msgs[len(msgs)-1]
+			}
+			// Initialize parser and get processed tools
+			processedTools = builtinParser.Init(req.Tools, lastMessage)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1631,10 +1932,10 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	// If debug mode is enabled, return the rendered template instead of calling the model
 	if req.DebugRenderOnly {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.DebugTemplateResponse{
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.ChatResponse{
 			Model:     req.Model,
 			CreatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
-			DebugInfo: api.DebugInfo{
+			DebugInfo: &api.DebugInfo{
 				RenderedTemplate: prompt,
 				ImageCount:       len(images),
 			},
@@ -1642,8 +1943,8 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for gptoss models
-	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && !useHarmony {
+	// Validate Think value: string values currently only allowed for harmony/gptoss models
+	if req.Think != nil && req.Think.IsString() && m.Config.Parser != "harmony" {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("think value %q is not supported for this model", req.Think.String())})
 		return
 	}
@@ -1662,7 +1963,7 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	var toolParser *tools.Parser
-	if len(req.Tools) > 0 && !useHarmony {
+	if len(req.Tools) > 0 && (builtinParser == nil || !builtinParser.HasToolSupport()) {
 		toolParser = tools.NewParser(m.Template.Template, req.Tools)
 	}
 
@@ -1671,17 +1972,15 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		defer close(ch)
 
 		if err := r.Completion(c.Request.Context(), llm.CompletionRequest{
-			Prompt:        prompt,
-			Images:        images,
-			Format:        req.Format,
-			Options:       opts,
-			ParserType:    parserType,
-			PrefillString: prefillString,
+			Prompt:  prompt,
+			Images:  images,
+			Format:  req.Format,
+			Options: opts,
 		}, func(r llm.CompletionResponse) {
 			res := api.ChatResponse{
 				Model:     req.Model,
 				CreatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
-				Message:   api.Message{Role: "assistant", Content: r.Content, Thinking: r.Thinking, ToolCalls: r.ToolCalls},
+				Message:   api.Message{Role: "assistant", Content: r.Content},
 				Done:      r.Done,
 				Metrics: api.Metrics{
 					PromptEvalCount:    r.PromptEvalCount,
@@ -1696,14 +1995,26 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				res.LoadDuration = checkpointLoaded.Sub(checkpointStart)
 			}
 
-			if useHarmony {
-				for i, tool := range res.Message.ToolCalls {
-					res.Message.ToolCalls[i].Function.Name = functionNameMap.OriginalFromConverted(tool.Function.Name)
+			if builtinParser != nil {
+				slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "builtin parser input", "parser", m.Config.Parser, "content", r.Content)
+
+				content, thinking, toolCalls, err := builtinParser.Add(r.Content, r.Done)
+				if err != nil {
+					ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
+					return
 				}
-				// only send messages with meaningful content (empty messages confuse clients)
-				if res.Message.Content != "" || res.Message.Thinking != "" || len(res.Message.ToolCalls) > 0 || res.Done {
+
+				res.Message.Content = content
+				res.Message.Thinking = thinking
+				res.Message.ToolCalls = toolCalls
+
+				if res.Message.Content != "" || res.Message.Thinking != "" || len(res.Message.ToolCalls) > 0 || r.Done {
+					slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "builtin parser output", "parser", m.Config.Parser, "content", content, "thinking", thinking, "toolCalls", toolCalls, "done", r.Done)
 					ch <- res
+				} else {
+					slog.Log(context.TODO(), logutil.LevelTrace, "builtin parser empty output", "parser", m.Config.Parser)
 				}
+
 				return
 			}